Artificial Intelligence-Driven Cancer Diagnostics: Enhancing Radiology and Pathology through Reproducibility, Explainability, and Multimodality
Abstract
The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in cancer research has significantly advanced radiology, pathology, and multimodal approaches, offering unprecedented capabilities in image analysis, diagnosis, and treatment planning. AI techniques provide standardized assistance to clinicians, in which many diagnostic and predictive tasks are manually conducted, causing low reproducibility. These AI methods can additionally provide explainability to help clinicians make the best decisions for patient care. This review explores state-of-the-art AI methods, focusing on their application in image classification, image segmentation, multiple instance learning, generative models, and self-supervised learning. In radiology, AI enhances tumor detection, diagnosis, and treatment planning through advanced imaging modalities and real-time applications. In pathology, AI-driven image analysis improves cancer detection, biomarker discovery, and diagnostic consistency. Multimodal AI approaches can integrate data from radiology, pathology, and genomics to provide comprehensive diagnostic insights. Emerging trends, challenges, and future directions in AI-driven cancer research are discussed, emphasizing the transformative potential of these technologies in improving patient outcomes and advancing cancer care. This article is part of a special series: Driving Cancer Discoveries with Computational Research, Data Science, and Machine Learning/AI.
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Multimodal deep learning integrates histopathology, radiology, genomics, and clinical records to create unified patient-level representations.
“The most active line of work is multimodal deep learning (MDL), which integrates histopathology (“pathomics”), radiology (“radiomics”), genomics, and clinical records to create unified patient-level representations [70,71,72] (Figure 4).”
From Artificial Intelligence in Clinical Oncology: From Productivity Enhancement to Creative Discovery (2025) · cites this paper as [70]
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Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Point of care molecular cancer diagnostics
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A Hybrid Quantum-Enhanced Sandwich Convolutional Neural Network for Medical Image Classification
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Reliable Radiologic Skeletal Muscle Area Assessment—A Biomarker for Cancer Cachexia Diagnosis
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“140,233,235”
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Artificial intelligence in MRI clinical practice: From historical innovation to emerging trends
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Interpretable Knowledge Distillation Framework for Detection of Ewing Sarcoma in Young Adults
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Schwann cells drive tumor progression through neuro-tumor crosstalk
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Explainable Multi-Modal AI for Brain Tumor Segmentation and Radiotherapy Planning
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“Attention mechanisms and boundary-aware regularizers were subsequently introduced to sharpen delineation at tissue interfaces and mitigate false positives in small subregions [16].”
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Enabling earlier detection of spinal lesions in CT imaging with artificial intelligence—a case study
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“…that convert traditional tools such as safety plans and hope-boxes into portable digital formats accessible via mobile devices (Molfenter et al., 2021 (Khosravi et al., 2025 ), including major advances in risk identification, prevention and intervention that have occurred over the past two decades.”
Xu, Z., Xie, Y., Li, Z., Li, K., Ding, Y., Chen, C., & Li, Z. (2026) · Molecular and Digital Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mdmed.2026.100011
Feng, H., Xue, M., He, Y., Zhang, G., & Xing, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2026.1829205
“In recent years, arti fi cial intelligence technology has advanced rapidly in the fi eld of medical image analysis, offering novel perspectives for precision diagnosis and treatment of tumors, owing to its advantages of being non-invasive, high-throughput, and widely accessible (20).”
Suresh, S., Parvathy, A. S., Raj, M., S., K. G., Priya, M. L., Biswas, R., Ramaiah, S., & Anbarasu, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2026.1872286
“Another paper on AI-driven cancer diagnostics shows that radiology and pathology models often use non-standard pipelines, making it difficult to reproduce results or apply them in new settings (131).”
Regulations and ethical considerations in digital pathology and artificial intelligence
Gullapalli, R. R., & Parwani, A. V. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40383-5.00018-2
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“Another major weakness is the lack of interpretability, also known as the black-box problem, which often prevents understanding of the internal logic that leads a model to specific outcomes (Marletta et al. 2024, Khosravi et al. 2025).”
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Converging Nanotechnology and Artificial Intelligence for Translational Cancer Theranostics
Kanaujia, K. A., Kumar, B. V., Meher, N., Ahmad, A., & Saraf, S. A. (2026) · BioNanoScience · doi:10.1007/s12668-026-02912-y
Kartal, İ., & Yılmaz, K. (2026) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics16213513
- Authors
- Khosravi, P., Fuchs, T. J., & Ho, D. J.
- Affiliations
- The Graduate Center, CUNY (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- National Cancer Center (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Khosravi, Pegah
- Venue
- Cancer Research
- Published
- 2025-07-02
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2356-2367
- ISSN
- 0008-5472 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-7445
- OpenAlex
- W4411920326
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 10
- FWCI
- 3.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cancer Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Center (NCC-24H1730-1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › AI in cancer detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging
- Keywords
- radiology, digital pathology, multimodal AI, reproducibility, explainability, tumor detection, image segmentation, image classification, multiple instance learning, generative models, self-supervised learning, biomarker discovery, treatment planning, genomic data integration
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Humans, Neoplasms, Radiology, Reproducibility of Results, Multimodal Imaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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