Cited by 459Cancer, Hypoxia, and MetabolismAmino Acid Enzymes and MetabolismCancer and biochemical research

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Serine Catabolism Regulates Mitochondrial Redox Control during Hypoxia

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Ye, Jiangbin, Fan, Jing, Venneti, Sriram, Wan, Ying-Wooi, Pawel, Bruce R., Zhang, Ji, Finley, Lydia W.S., Lu, Chao, Lindsten, Tullia, Cross, Justin R., Qing, Guoliang, Liu, Zhandong, Simon, M. Celeste, Rabinowitz, Joshua D., Thompson, Craig B.·2014·Cancer Discovery

DOI 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0250PMC PMC4258153

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Abstract

The de novo synthesis of the nonessential amino acid serine is often upregulated in cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that the serine catabolic enzyme, mitochondrial serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT2), is induced when MYC-transformed cells are subjected to hypoxia. In mitochondria, SHMT2 can initiate the degradation of serine to CO2 and NH4+, resulting in net production of NADPH from NADP+. Knockdown of SHMT2 in MYC-dependent cells reduced cellular NADPH:NADP+ ratio, increased cellular reactive oxygen species, and triggered hypoxia-induced cell death. In vivo, SHMT2 suppression led to impaired tumor growth. In MYC-amplified neuroblastoma patient samples, there was a significant correlation between SHMT2 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1 α (HIF1α), and SHMT2 expression correlated with unfavorable patient prognosis. Together, these data demonstrate that mitochondrial serine catabolism supports tumor growth by maintaining mitochondrial redox balance and cell survival. Significance: In this study, we demonstrate that the mitochondrial enzyme SHMT2 is induced upon hypoxic stress and is critical for maintaining NADPH production and redox balance to support tumor cell survival and growth. Cancer Discov; 4(12); 1406–17. ©2014 AACR. See related commentary by Martínez-Reyes and Chandel, p. 1371 This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1355

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Background
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Background
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Background
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Background
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Self-citation
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Items 301–400 of 459

Targeting HOTAIRM1 ameliorates glioblastoma by disrupting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and serine metabolism
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Shift from stochastic to spatially-ordered expression of serine-glycine synthesis enzymes in 3D microtumors
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A novel therapeutic approach to colorectal cancer in diabetes: role of metformin and rapamycin
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“Such cases are usually associated with poor prognosis and activate the AMPK [43].”
Background
Serine and glycine metabolism-related gene expression signature stratifies immune profiles of brain gliomas, and predicts prognosis and responses to immunotherapy
Chen, S., Zhang, S., Feng, W., Li, J., Yuan, Y., Li, W., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., & Liu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1072253 · Cited by 14
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Background
MTHFD1 regulates the NADPH redox homeostasis in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma
Guan, J., Li, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Que, Y., Lu, S., Wang, J., Zhu, J., Huang, J., Zhen, Z., et al. (2024) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/s41419-024-06490-3 · Cited by 12
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Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Sensitizes Glioblastoma Cells to Hypoxia-Induced Cell Death
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“Accordingly, SHMT2 has been reported to be of particular importance under hypoxic conditions [20].”
Background
Succinylation – encoded metabolic codes: cracking the molecular logic of cellular adaptation
Cong, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, Z., Cui, Z., Li, C., Han, Y., Deng, W., Zhou, X., Wu, H., Sun, J., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1097/js9.0000000000003249 · Cited by 11
“Notably, SHMT2 is a hypoxia-inducible effector that is transcriptionally upregulated to support cell survival in hypoxia [167] , and its gene expression by enhancing glioma cell survival during ischemia [168] .”
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Ma, W., Liu, R., Zhao, K., & Zhong, J. (2023) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.05.108 · Cited by 11
Disruption of canonical AHR-mediated induction of hepatocyte PKM2 expression compromises antioxidant defenses and increases TCDD-induced hepatotoxicity
Orlowska, K., Nault, R., Ara, J., LaPres, J. J., Harkema, J. R., Demireva, E. Y., Xie, H., Wilson, R. H., Bradfield, C. A., Yap, D., et al. (2024) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2024.103405 · Cited by 11
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Lyu, H., Bao, S., Cai, L., Wang, M., Liu, Y., Sun, Y., & Hu, X. S. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1509662 · Cited by 13
NRF2-driven redox metabolism takes center stage in cancer metabolism from an outside-in perspective
Choi, E.-J., & Jeon, S. (2020) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-020-01224-3 · Cited by 10
Glutaminolysis is involved in the activation of mTORC1 in in vitro‐produced porcine embryos
Chen, P. R., Lucas, C. G., Spate, L. D., & Prather, R. S. (2021) · Molecular Reproduction and Development · doi:10.1002/mrd.23516 · Cited by 11
“Several signals are sensed by the cell resulting in phosphorylation and activation of mTORC1 to promote anabolic processes, such as translation, lipogenesis, and DNA synthesis, through phosphorylation of downstream targets (Laplante & Sabatini, 2012; Porstmann et al., 2008; Ye et al., 2014).”
Background
Regulation of Hypoxia Dependent Reprogramming of Cancer Metabolism: Role of HIF-1 and Its Potential Therapeutic Implications in Leukemia
Pandey, S., Singh, R., Habib, N., Tripathi, R., Kushwaha, R., & Mahdi, A. A. (2024) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.31557/apjcp.2024.25.4.1121 · Cited by 11
“Cancer metabolism is also influenced by a number of oncogenes, including the tumor-suppressor gene p53, K-Ras, the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), members of the sirtuin family, non-coding RNAs, and deacetylation [38].”
Background
Limiting serine availability during tumor progression promotes muscle wasting in cancer cachexia
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Identification and Validation of Amino Acid Metabolism-Related Biomarkers and Investigation of their Potential Mechanisms in Lung Adenocarcinoma
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Self-citation
De novo serine biosynthesis from glucose predicts sex-specific response to antifolates in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines
Sponagel, J., Devarakonda, S. H. K., Rubin, J. B., Luo, J. R., & Ippolito, J. E. (2022) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2022.105339 · Cited by 12
“…Serine is an important one-carbon donor to the folate cycle and therefore contributes to nucleotide synthesis, NADPH generation, and methylation reactions (Locasale, 2013; Minton et al., 2018; Mullarky et al., 2016; Singh et al., 2021; Tanaka et al., 2021; Tedeschi et al., 2013; Ye et al., 2014).”
The ovine conceptus utilizes extracellular serine, glucose, and fructose to generate formate via the one carbon metabolism pathway
Halloran, K. M., Stenhouse, C., Moses, R. M., Kramer, A. C., Sah, N., Seo, H., Lamarre, S. G., Johnson, G. A., Wu, G., & Bazer, F. W. (2022) · Amino Acids · doi:10.1007/s00726-022-03212-x · Cited by 10
“Notably, cancer cells are highly proliferative under hypoxic conditions, not unlike cells of the developing conceptus during the peri-implantation period of pregnancy, and a mechanism whereby cancer cells maintain a proliferative state while oxygen deprived is by upregulating serine catabolism and 1C metabolism (Ye et…”
Background
Tumor heterogeneity: An oncogenic driver of PDAC progression and therapy resistance under stress conditions
Palma, A. M., Vudatha, V., Peixoto, M. L., & Madan, E. (2023) · Advances in cancer research · doi:10.1016/bs.acr.2023.02.005 · Cited by 10
Context-dependent utilization of serine in cancer
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“Furthermore, recent studies have shown that serine is also used for the production of NADPH and that the role of serine in the regulation of redox status could be critical to cell proliferation.(7-10) In parallel to these recent functional studies, unprecedented amounts of molecular-level data have been collected on p…”
Cancer Metabolism under Limiting Oxygen ConditionsPreprint
Kim, L. C., Lesner, N. P., & Simon, M. C. (2023) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a041542 · Cited by 11
Self-citation
CYP3A5 unexpectedly regulates glucose metabolism through the AKT–TXNIP–GLUT1 axis in pancreatic cancer
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“26,39 24,40 e 42 The transcriptome results were highly consistent with those that we generated from metabolome data.”
Background
The oncoprotein SET promotes serine-derived one-carbon metabolism by regulating SHMT2 enzymatic activity
Jiao, Z., Zhang, M., Ning, J., Yao, H., Yan, X., Wu, Z., Wu, D., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Wang, L., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2412854122 · Cited by 8
“Depletion of SHMT2 in several cancer cells has been reported to compromise tumor growth in xenograft models ( 19 , 20 ), although the effect might vary depending on context ( 21 ).”
Formaldehyde Detoxification Creates a New Wheel for the Folate-Driven One-Carbon “Bi”-cycle
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Understanding The Regulatory Role of USP32 and SHMT2 in The Progression of Gastric Cancer.
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Deciphering metabolic crosstalk in context: lessons from inflammatory diseases
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“Nutrient competition between cancer cells and immune cells in the TME is well known to contribute to an immune-suppressive environment [5,24 – 28].”
Background
Pancreatic islet protection at the expense of secretory function involves serine-linked mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism
Pelligra, A., Mrugala, J., Grieß, K., Kirschner, P., Nortmann, O., Bartosinska, B., Köster, A., Krupenko, N. I., Gebel, D., Westhoff, P., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112615 · Cited by 7
“, 56 They are also consistent with studies on glucolipotoxicity induced by stimulation of islets with high”
Result
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Background
The expression and clinical significance of serine hydroxymethyltransferase2 in gastric cancer
Shan, Y., Liu, D., Li, Y., Wu, C. L., & Ye, Y. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16594 · Cited by 7
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Ying, M., & Hu, X. (2022) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.10.005 · Cited by 7
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“The generation of manifold one-carbon tetrahydrofolate species from serine protects cells from hypoxia-induced oxidative stress [49].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Mechanism and Therapeutic Progress of One-Carbon Metabolic Key Enzyme: Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase 2 in Cancer
Zhu, S., Liu, Y., Chen, H., Zhu, X., Liu, X., Xu, K., Sang, Y., Shang, L., Chong, W., & Li, L. (2025) · Clinical Medicine Insights Oncology · doi:10.1177/11795549251331755 · Cited by 6
“14 Notably, methyl groups derived from 1C metabolism are essential for the methylation of histones, DNA, and RNA, which are crucial for DNA repair and genomic stability.”
Environmental Determinants of Ferroptosis in Cancer
Setayeshpour, Y., Lee, Y., & Chi, J. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15153861 · Cited by 6
“HIF-1 has been demonstrated to enhance NADPH generation by induction of SHMT2 [99] and PHGDH [100], which produce NADPH through serine metabolism.”
Background
Deuterium MRI of serine metabolism in mouse models of glioblastoma
Hesse, F., Low, J. C. M., Cao, J., Bulat, F., Kreis, F., Wright, A. J., & Brindle, K. M. (2024) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.30198 · Cited by 6
“…by aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L2 results in the production of NADPH, which is used to maintain intramitochondrial antioxidant defenses 4,5 ; or it can be converted into formate, which is then exported to the cytoplasm, where it is used in purine and thymidylate synthesis 6 (Figure 1).”
Fructose metabolism is unregulated in cancers and placentae
Bazer, F. W., Wu, G., & Johnson, G. A. (2024) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3389/ebm.2024.10200 · Cited by 6
Construction of diagnostic and subtyping models for renal cell carcinoma by genome-wide DNA methylation profiles
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“These 10 genes have been observed in many studies to be associated with poor prognosis in many types of cancer (24-27), especially STAMBPL1, EGLN3, SHMT2, and LIMD1, which have been validated to be associated with the development of kidney cancer (28-31).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Comprehensive Analysis and Reinforcement Learning of Hypoxic Genes Based on Four Machine Learning Algorithms for Estimating the Immune Landscape, Clinical Outcomes, and Therapeutic Implications in Patients With Lung Adenocarcinoma
Sun, Z., Zeng, Y., Yuan, T., Chen, X., Wang, H., & Ma, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.906889 · Cited by 6
“During tumor progression, hypoxia develops when tumor growth exceeds the ability of available vasculature to supply tumor cells with oxygen and nutrients (9).”
Background
Harnessing Redox Disruption to Treat Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) Related Malignancies
Gothland, A., Jary, A., Grange, P., Leducq, V., Remigereau, L. B., Dupin, N., Marcelin, A., & Cálvez, V. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12010084 · Cited by 6
“Therefore, blocking NRF2 or antioxidative proteins would allow ROS to accumulate to dangerous levels and prevent the proliferation of cancer cells [36,39,40].”
BackgroundInfluential
Reexamining How Cancer Cells Exploit the Body's Metabolic ResourcesPreprint
Thompson, C. B., & Palm, W. (2016) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.2016.81.030734 · Cited by 6
“Over the last several years, a number of groups have studied cellular adaptation to hypoxia or low levels of glucose and/or amino acids (Commisso et al. 2013; Kamphorst et al. 2013; Maddocks et al. 2013; Ye et al. 2014; Mayers et al. 2016; Sousa et al. 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
NINJ1 in Cell Death and Ferroptosis: Implications for Tumor Invasion and Metastasis
Chen, S.-Y., Shyu, I., & Chi, J. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17050800 · Cited by 7
“Specifically, HIF-1 α protects against ferroptosis by inducing the expression of genes such as SLC7A11 , GCLM , SHMT2 , and PHGDH , which enhance antioxidant defenses by boosting GSH and NADPH production [137,138].”
Cancer-intrinsic Cxcl5 orchestrates a global metabolic reprogramming for resistance to oxidative cell death in 3D
Seo, R., de Guzman, A. C. V., Park, S., Lee, J. Y., & Kang, S. (2025) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-025-01466-y · Cited by 6
“…redox balance in combination with reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) produced by the folate cycle and PPP. Tumors are known to increase serine/glycine production to preserve redox homeostasis in the hypoxic TME, where the supply of serine and glycine is minimal [13].”
Inhibition of eIF5A hypusination enhances antioxidant defense to prevent kidney Ischemia/Reperfusion injury
Cougnon, M., Giraud, S., Materozzi, M., Allart, E., Rubera, I., Mackowiak, C., Jarretou, G., Boildieu, N., Ameteau, V., Lemarie, E., et al. (2025) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2025.103814 · Cited by 5
“…a sustained expression of SHMT2 (serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2)) and especially of MTHFD2 (methylene-tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 2), two key proteins involved in NADH and NADPH mitochondrial synthesis from serine catabolism independently from mitochondrial respiratory chain [50 – 52].”
Mitochondrial respiration supports cancer growth independent of OXPHOS
Chinopoulos, C. (2026) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.bbcan.2026.189593 · Cited by 5
Inhibition of SHMT2 mRNA translation increases embryonic mortality in sheep
Sah, N., Stenhouse, C., Halloran, K. M., Moses, R. M., Seo, H., Burghardt, R. C., Johnson, G. A., Wu, G., & Bazer, F. W. (2022) · Biology of Reproduction · doi:10.1093/biolre/ioac152 · Cited by 6
“There is a greater abundance of SHMT2 protein in tumor cells that are proliferating, migrating, and metastasizing [48, 49], and knockdown of SHMT2 protein synthesis limits cellular migration and invasion [48], increases apoptosis [12], and decreases proliferation of tumor cells [48, 50, 51].”
Background
13C Flux Analysis in Biotechnology and Medicine
Cheah, Y. E., Hasenour, C. M., & Young, J. D. (2017) · Systems Biology · doi:10.1002/9783527696130.ch2 · Cited by 5
The ALDH2-PKC delta-SHMT2 axis regulates cellular metabolic plasticity to promote leukemia stem cells self-renewal and evasion of chemotherapy in AML
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Serine metabolism in the central nervous system: advances and challenges on a conditionally essential amino acid
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“cancer and chemical hypoxia); Serine (SER) [45] and Taurine (TAU) [46] seem involved in hypoxia conditions.”
BackgroundInfluential
Insight into the mechanisms of therapeutic hypothermia for asphyxia cardiac arrest using a comprehensive approach of GC-MS/MS and UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS based on serum metabolomics
Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., Chen, F., Jiang, Y., Liu, X., Liu, Y., Ouyang, J., Liang, M., Zhu, Y., & Zou, L. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16247 · Cited by 4
“1 ml/min; temperature set at 70 C for 3 min, then ramped 10 C/ min to 310 C, and hold for 10min; set inlet temperature at 250 C; electron impact (EI) ionization voltage at 70eV and ion source temperature at 310 C; full scan (50–500 m/z) [20,21].”
Background
A novel inhibitor of tumorspheres reveals the activation of the serine biosynthetic pathway upon mitochondrial inhibition
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IN THE SPOTLIGHT Mitochondrial One-Carbon Metabolism Maintains Redox Balance during Hypoxia
Martínez‐Reyes, I., & Chandel, N. S. (2014)
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“0 Volume 5; Issue 2 breast cancer and neuroblastoma, the expression of SSP metabolizing enzyme PHGDH and rate limiting enzyme shmt2 of mitochondrial serine catabolism are positively correlated with each other([11]), and it has been reported that the expression of psat1 is related to the proliferation and invasion of p…”
Background

Authors: Ye, J., Fan, J., Venneti, S., Wan, Y.-W., Pawel, B. R., Zhang, J., Finley, L. W. S., Lu, C., Lindsten, T., Cross, J. R., Qing, G., Liu, Z., Simon, M. C., Rabinowitz, J. D., & Thompson, C. B.
Affiliations: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
Princeton University (US)
Baylor College of Medicine (US)
Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
1Cancer Biology and Genetics Program and Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Thompson, Craig B.
ORCID: Ye, Jiangbin
Fan, Jing
Venneti, Sriram
Wan, Ying-Wooi
Pawel, Bruce R.
Zhang, Ji
Finley, Lydia W.S.
Cross, Justin R.
Qing, Guoliang
Liu, Zhandong
Simon, M. Celeste
Rabinowitz, Joshua D.
Thompson, Craig B.
Venue: Cancer Discovery
Publisher: American Association for Cancer Research (AACR)
Published: 2014-12-01
Volume: 4
Issue: 12
Pages: 1406-1417
ISSN: 2159-8274 (ISSN-L)
2159-8290
DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-0250
PMC: PMC4258153
OpenAlex: W2163404652
Cited by: 452
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 31 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 5
FWCI: 9.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Cancer Discovery (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: Howard Hughes Medical Institute
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center
National Institutes of Health
National Cancer Institute (K08CA181475, P01CA104838, K99CA184239, R01CA105463, P30CA008748, R01CA163591)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer, Hypoxia, and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biochemistry › Amino Acid Enzymes and Metabolism
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cancer and biochemical research
Keywords: serine catabolism, SHMT2, hypoxia, mitochondrial redox balance, NADPH/NADP+ ratio, reactive oxygen species, c-Myc, tumor growth, neuroblastoma, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, hypoxia-induced cell death, cancer metabolism
MeSH terms: Animals, Hypoxia, Base Sequence, Cell Survival, Disease Models, Animal, Gene Amplification, Homeostasis, Humans, Mitochondria, Models, Biological, Molecular Sequence Data, Neoplasms, Oxidation-Reduction, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Serine, Glycine Hydroxymethyltransferase, Gene Expression, Genes, myc, Reactive Oxygen Species, Cell Line, Tumor, Tumor Burden, Phosphoglycerate Dehydrogenase, Mice, Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit, Gene Knockdown Techniques, Heterografts

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Serine Catabolism Regulates Mitochondrial Redox Control during Hypoxia

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