Evolution of the Cerebellum in Primates: Differences in Relative Volume among Monkeys, Apes and Humans
Abstract
According to the ‘developmental constraint hypothesis’ of comparative mammalian neuroanatomy, brain structures enlarge predictably as the entire brain grows both ontogenetically and phylogenetically. In this study, brain and cerebellum volumes are measured from in vivo magnetic resonance scans of 44 primates from 11 haplorhine species. After controlling for overall brain volume, the cerebellum in both pongid and hylobatid apes is, on average, 45% larger than in monkeys. These results demonstrate that all primate brains are not similarly organized and that developmental constraints are not tight enough to preclude selection for increased cerebellar volume independent of selection on overall brain size.
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The cerebral cortex and the cerebellum have evolved together as their volume has increased in a proportional manner and form an anatomically closed connectivity known as the cerebro-cerebellar loop.
“The cerebral cortex and the cerebellum have evolved together as their volume has increased in a proportional manner (Rilling and Insel, 1998), and form an anatomically closed connectivity known as the cerebro-cerebellar loop (Kelly and Strick, 2003; Bostan et al., 2013).”
From The Cerebro-Cerebellum as a Locus of Forward Model: A Review (2020) · cites this paper as Rilling and Insel, 1998
Several comparative studies suggest that cerebellar expansion, specifically involving the lateral cerebellum, was especially marked in apes.
“Several comparative studies suggest that cerebellar expansion, specifically involving the lateral cerebellum, was especially marked in apes [69–71].”
From Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum (2012) · cites this paper as [69]
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- Authors
- Rilling, J. K., & Insel, T. R.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior and Evolution
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 1998
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 308-314
- ISSN
- 0006-8977 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9743
- OpenAlex
- W2076997669
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-00 165, P51RR000165)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Geometry and Topology › Morphological variations and asymmetry
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Evolution and Paleontology Studies
- Keywords
- cerebellum, primate brain evolution, cerebellar volume, brain volume, comparative neuroanatomy, monkeys, apes, human, pongids, hylobatids, haplorhines, brain size
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Haplorhini, Cerebellum, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Primates, Hominidae, Pan paniscus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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