Evolution of the cerebellar cortex: The selective expansion of prefrontal-projecting cerebellar lobules
Open accessAbstract
It has been suggested that interconnected brain areas evolve in tandem because evolutionary pressures act on complete functional systems rather than on individual brain areas. The cerebellar cortex has reciprocal connections with both the prefrontal cortex and motor cortex, forming independent loops with each. Specifically, in capuchin monkeys cerebellar cortical lobules Crus I and Crus II connect with prefrontal cortex, whereas the primary motor cortex connects with cerebellar lobules V, VI, VIIb, and VIIIa. Comparisons of extant primate species suggest that the prefrontal cortex has expanded more than cortical motor areas in human evolution. Given the enlargement of the prefrontal cortex relative to motor cortex in humans, our hypothesis would predict corresponding volumetric increases in the parts of the cerebellum connected to the prefrontal cortex, relative to cerebellar lobules connected to the motor cortex. We tested the hypothesis by comparing the volumes of cerebellar lobules in structural MRI scans in capuchins, chimpanzees and humans. The fractions of cerebellar volume occupied by Crus I and Crus II were significantly larger in humans compared to chimpanzees and capuchins. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that in the cortico-cerebellar system, functionally related structures evolve in concert with each other. The evolutionary expansion of these prefrontal-projecting cerebellar territories might contribute to the evolution of the higher cognitive functions of humans.
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Recent allometric analyses reveal that, although absolute and proportional frontal region size increased rapidly in hominins, this change was associated with size increase in other areas and whole brain size, rather than with specialization for enlarged frontal lobes specifically.
“Recent allometric analyses reveal that, although absolute and proportional frontal region size increased rapidly in hominins, this change was associated with size increase in other areas and whole brain size, rather than with specialization for enlarged frontal lobes specifically [57,61–63].”
From Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum (2012) · cites this paper as [61]
The importance of the frontal lobes in cognitive evolution needs to be interpreted in terms of the areas with which they connect and with which they have co-evolved, including the cerebellum.
“This does not suggest that the frontal lobes were unimportant in cognitive evolution, just that their importance needs to be interpreted in terms of the areas with which they connect and with which they have co-evolved, including the cerebellum [61,62].”
From Embodied cognitive evolution and the cerebellum (2012) · cites this paper as [61]
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- Authors
- Balsters, J. H., Cussans, E., Diedrichsen, J., Phillips, K. A., Preuss, T. M., Rilling, J. K., & Ramnani, N.
- Affiliations
- Royal Holloway University of London (GB)
- Bangor University (GB)
- Trinity University (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ramnani, N.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 2045-2052
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6436533
- OpenAlex
- W2098598592
- Cited by
- 241
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 11.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - Trinity University (Trinity University) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- James S. McDonnell Foundation
- National Research Centre
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institutes of Health (P51OD011132)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (1590-1573)
- Royal Holloway, University of London
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG026423)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-00 165, P51RR000165)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- prefrontal cortex, cerebellar lobules, Crus I, Crus II, primary motor cortex, capuchin monkeys, chimpanzees, human evolution, higher cognition
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Cebus, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Pan troglodytes, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Young Adult
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