Getting What You Ask For: On the Selectivity of Depression Rating Scales

Demyttenaere, Koen; De Fruyt, Jürgen

doi:10.1159/000068690

Cited by 206Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesTreatment of Major DepressionPsychological Testing and Assessment

Getting What You Ask For: On the Selectivity of Depression Rating Scales

Demyttenaere, Koen, De Fruyt, Jürgen·2003·Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics

DOI 10.1159/000068690

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Abstract

A large number of rating scales has been developed to assess depression severity and change during antidepressant therapy. When reviewing the literature, the choice of the rating scales used in a particular study often seems arbitrary. The most frequently used observer rating scales, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the most frequently used self-rating scale (the Beck Depression Inventory, or BDI) were developed more than 20 years ago. Their historical background is too often forgotten and they are reflections of their origin: the HDRS and the MADRS reflect antidepressant activity while the BDI reflects psychotherapy. Moreover, the HDRS is at risk of putting 'all depressions in one basket', while the MADRS is at risk of putting 'all antidepressants in one basket'. Therefore, the question whether a particular antidepressant could be more effective in a particular subtype of depression cannot be answered. Observer rating scales are more frequently used than self-rating scales, and when scales are used that do exist in an observer rating and a self-rating version, interesting differences are found. The present paper does not suggest that one scale is better than another, but suggests that a better knowledge of their differential background can help the researcher choose the correct scale for his purposes.

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Bech, P. (2005) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200519040-00004 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Relationships among adaptive and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies and psychopathology during the treatment of comorbid anxiety and alcohol use disorders
Conklin, L. R., Cassiello-Robbins, C., Brake, C. A., Sauer-Zavala, S., Farchione, T. J., Ciraulo, D. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2015) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Sensitivity to detect change and the correlation of clinical factors with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory in depressed inpatients
Schneibel, R., Brakemeier, E., Wilbertz, G., Dykierek, P., Zobel, I., & Schramm, E. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.11.014 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Altered effective connectivity in sensorimotor cortices is a signature of severity and clinical course in depression
Ray, D., Bezmaternykh, D., Mel’nikov, M., Friston, K. J., & Das, M. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2105730118 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Each scale has its own advantages and limitations (105).”
A longitudinal study of cognitive function in melancholic and non-melancholic subtypes of Major Depressive Disorder
Withall, A., Harris, L. M., & Cumming, S. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.07.012 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Male depression in females?
Möller-Leimkühler, A. M., & Yücel, M. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.05.007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The Effects on Mood of Adjunctive Single-Family and Multi-Family Group Therapy in the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients with Major Depression
Lemmens, G. M. D., Eisler, I., Buysse, A., Heene, E., & Demyttenaere, K. (2009) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000201935 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“but it is of particular concern if it is not balanced between treatments. If we assume that those who failed to return questionnaires include a larger proportion of patients not doing well, the results would be skewed either in favour of family therapy (if missing data are being replaced) or in favour of TAU (if cases…”
ResultSelf-citation
Nitric oxide plasma concentration associated with cognitive impairment in patients with recurrent depressive disorder
Talarowska, M. E., Gałecki, P., Maes, M. H. J., Orzechowska, A., Chamielec, M., Bartosz, G., & Kowalczyk, E. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.01.018 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms of TPH1 and TPH2 genes, and depressive disorders
Wigner, P., Czarny, P. L., Synowiec, E., Bijak, M., Białek, K. I., Talarowska, M. E., Gałecki, P., Szemraj, J., & Śliwiński, T. (2018) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.13459 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The scores presented in a study conducted by Demyttenaere and De Fruyt [24] were used in the measurements of intensity levels of DD symptoms.”
Method
Scale matters: the need for a Bipolar Depression Rating Scale (BDRS)
Berk, M., Malhi, G. S., Mitchell, P. B., Cahill, C. M., Carman, A. C., Hadzi‐Pavlovic, D., Hawkins, M. T., & Tohen, M. F. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00412.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Convergent and Discriminant Validity of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale Symptom Checklist
Mataix‐Cols, D., Fullana, M. A., Alonso, P., Menchón, J. M., & Vallejo, J. (2004) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000076457 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Sensitivity to change, discriminative performance, and cutoff criteria to define remission for embedded short scales of the Hamilton depression rating scale (HAMD)
Ballesteros, J., Bobes, J., Bulbena, A., Luque, A., Dal−Ré, R., Ibarra, N., & Güemes, I. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.12.015 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Clinical Pharmacopsychology: Conceptual Foundations and Emerging Tasks
Fava, G. A., Tomba, E., & Bech, P. (2017) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000458458 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Role of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 and TIMP-2 in the development of recurrent depressive disorder
Bobińska, K., Szemraj, J., Czarny, P. L., & Gałecki, P. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.068 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Malondialdehyde plasma concentration correlates with declarative and working memory in patients with recurrent depressive disorder
Talarowska, M. E., Gałecki, P., Maes, M. H. J., Gardner, A., Chamielec, M., Orzechowska, A., Bobińska, K., & Kowalczyk, E. (2011) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-011-1335-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Depressive symptom intensity levels were classified by the grades, specified in the study by Demyttenaere and De Fruyt [31].”
Method
Dimensional and hierarchical models of depression using the Beck Depression Inventory-II in an Arab college student sample
Al-Turkait, F. A., & OHAERI, J. U. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-60 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“As the most frequently used self-rating scale in depression [10], the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has received the greatest attention in these reports [1].”
Method
A discussion on the role of clinimetrics and the misleading effects of psychometric theory
Fava, G. A., & Belaise, C. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.12.006 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“However, its sensitivity has been poor compared with subscale scores of the HAM-D based upon core symptoms of depression [32] or global indexes of change [31].”
Method
Administering the MADRS by telephone or face-to-face: a validity study.
Hermens, M. L., Adèr, H. J., van Hout, H. P., Terluin, B., van Dyck, R., & de Haan, M. (2006) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1744-859x-5-3 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Total scores on the MADRS range from 0 to 60 [1].”
Background
Bupropion pre-treatment of endotoxin-induced depressive symptoms
DellaGioia, N., Devine, L., Pittman, B. P., & Hannestad, J. O. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2012.10.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Escitalopram: Superior to Citalopram or a Chiral Chimera?
Svensson, S. A., & Mansfield, P. R. (2003) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000074435 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Consequently it is not clear if an average difference of around 1–2 MADRS units is clinically important or not [”
Background
Efficacy evaluation of exercise as an augmentation strategy to brief behavioral activation treatment for depression: a randomized pilot trial
Szuhany, K. L., & Otto, M. W. (2019) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2019.1641145 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“This may be due to the BDI-II’s greater hypothesized sensitivity in tracking changes related to psychotherapy (Demyttenaere & De Fruyt, 2003) and validates that the MADRS and BDI-II are complementary measures that each uniquely contribute to prediction of treatment outcome (Uher et al., 2012).”
Variation of genes involved in oxidative and nitrosative stresses in depression
Wigner, P., Czarny, P. L., Synowiec, E., Bijak, M., Białek, K. I., Talarowska, M. E., Gałecki, P., Szemraj, J., & Śliwiński, T. (2018) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.10.012 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Intensity levels of depressive symptoms were measured with the use of the grades presented in the study conducted by Demyttenaere and De Fruyt [56].”
Method
Validity of the Definite and Semidefinite Questionnaire version of the Hamilton Depression Scale, the Hamilton Subscale and the Melancholia Scale. Part I
Bent-Hansen, J., & Bech, P. (2010) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-010-0106-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Reliable and valid self-rating scales covering the components of established observer-rating scales for depression have great potential usefulness [13].”
Background
Suicide Risks among Adolescents and Young Adults in Rural China
Zhao, S., & Zhang, J. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120100131 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“It quickly became the standard measure of depression severity for clinical trials of antidepressants [31].”
Background
The Impact of Migraine on Patients With Major Depressive Disorder
Hung, C., Liu, C., Juang, Y., & Wang, S. (2006) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2006.00378.x · Cited by 40 · see citing works
DEPRESSION IN ORTHOPAEDIC TRAUMA PATIENTS
Crichlow, R. J., Andres, P. L., Morrison, S., Haley, S. M., & Vrahas, M. S. (2006) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/00004623-200609000-00004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Equations for converting scores between depression scales (MÅDRS, SRS, PHQ‐9 and BDI‐II): good statistical, but weak idiographic, validity
Hawley, C. J., Gale, T. M., Smith, P. S. J., Jain, S., Farag, A., Kondan, R., Avent, C., & Graham, J. (2013) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2341 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mitochondrial DNA copy number, damage, repair and degradation in depressive disorder
Czarny, P. L., Wigner, P., Strycharz, J., Świderska, E., Synowiec, E., Szatkowska, M., Śliwińska, A., Talarowska, M. E., Szemraj, J., Su, K., et al. (2019) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2019.1588993 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Moreover, we analysed the intensity of the depressive episode symptoms using the Demyttenaere and De Fruyt scoring system (Demyttenaere and De Fruyt 2003).”
Method
Superior antidepressant effect occurring 1 month after rTMS: add-on rTMS for subjects with medication-resistant depression
Chen, S., Chen, S.-J., Chun-Hung, C., Hsin-Chi, T., & Lin, C. C. H. (2013) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s40466 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“In the course of antidepressant treatment, a more pronounced decline in HAMD than in BDI scores has often been reported.(21,22) Fourth, the discrepancy between HAM-D and BDI is not a unique phenomenon.”
Background
Oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is an inherent feature of depression
Talarowska, M. E., Szemraj, J., Berk, M., Maes, M. H. J., & Gałecki, P. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0454-5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“A description of HDRS has been presented elsewhere [15,16].”
Background
Social Media Exposure, Psychological Distress, Emotion Regulation, and Depression During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Community Samples in China
Zhang, Y., Li, R.-T., Sun, X., Peng, M., & Li, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644899 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Measuring melancholia: the utility of a prototypic symptom approach
Parker, G. B., Fletcher, K., Hyett, M. P., Hadži-Pavlović, D., Barrett, M., & Synnott, H. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004339 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Major Depression in Patients With Upper Extremity Conditions
Oflazoglu, K., Mellema, J. J., Menendez, M. E., Mudgal, C. S., Ring, D., & Chen, N. C. (2015) · The Journal Of Hand Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jhsa.2015.11.019 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Total Antioxidant Status Correlates with Cognitive Impairment in Patients with Recurrent Depressive Disorder
Talarowska, M. E., Gałecki, P., Maes, M. H. J., Bobińska, K., & Kowalczyk, E. (2012) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-012-0788-z · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Rating scales in bipolar disorder
Picardi, A. (2008) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e328315a4d2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Patient-Assessed Versus Physician-Assessed Disease Severity and Outcome in Patients With Nonspecific Pain Associated With Major Depressive Disorder
Demyttenaere, K., Desaiah, D., Petit, C., Croenlein, J., & Brecht, S. (2009) · The Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/pcc.08m00670 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“From this perspective, the HAM-D covers a broader set of symptoms than the MADRS, with the former scale also focusing on anxiety and somatic symptoms and the latter mainly focusing on depressive symptoms.(8) The study by Zaider et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Mood Disorders after Stroke: Diagnostic Validation of the Poststroke Depression Rating Scale
Quaranta, D., Marra, C., & Gainotti, G. (2008) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000147450 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“], have been previously validated for use in poststroke patients [ ,”
Method
Subthreshold depression may exist on a spectrum with major depressive disorder: Evidence from gray matter volume and morphological brain network
Zhang, T., Zhao, B., Shi, C., Nie, B., Liu, H., Yang, X., Sun, Y., Li, P., Lin, L., Yang, X., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.135 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Biomolecular aspects of depression: A retrospective analysis
Peacock, B. N., Scheiderer, D. J., & Kellermann, G. H. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.11.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Social adjustment based on reported behaviour in bipolar affective disorder
Morriss, R. K., Scott, J. L., Paykel, E. S., Bentall, R. P., Hayhurst, H., & Johnson, T. L. (2007) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00343.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
The relation between care giving and the mental health of caregivers of demented relatives: A cross-sectional study
Schoenmakers, B., Buntinx, F., & Lepeleire, J. D. (2009) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.1080/13814780903064455 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Construct and criterion validity of patient-reported outcomes (PROs) for depression: A clinimetric comparison
Carrozzino, D., Christensen, K. S., & Cosci, F. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.043 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Manganese superoxide dismutase gene expression and cognitive functions in recurrent depressive disorder
Talarowska, M., Orzechowska, A., Szemraj, J., Su, K.-P., Maes, M., & Gałecki, P. (2014) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000363340 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Auditory-verbal declarative and operating memory among patients suffering from depressive disorders – preliminary study
Talarowska, M. E., Florkowski, A., Zboralski, K., Berent, D., Wierzbiński, P., & Gałecki, P. (2010) · Advances in Medical Sciences · doi:10.2478/v10039-010-0053-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Immune to happiness – inflammatory process indicators and depressive personality traits
Talarowska, M. E., Kowalczyk, M., Maes, M. H. J., Carvalho, A. F., Su, K., Szemraj, J., & Gałecki, P. (2019) · Archives of Medical Science · doi:10.5114/aoms.2019.83146 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Demyttenaere K, De Fruyt J.”
MethodInfluential
Measuring anxiety: are we getting what we need?
Balon, R. (2005) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20077 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Quality of Life Measurement in Antidepressant Trials
Fruyt, J. D., & Demyttenaere, K. (2009) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000214442 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citation
Smoking Patterns, Depression, and Sociodemographic Variables Among Flemish Women During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period
Wilde, K. S. D., Trommelmans, L., Laevens, H., Maes, L., Temmerman, M., & Boudrez, H. (2013) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0b013e3182a59d96 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Measuring melancholy: A critique of the Beck Depression Inventory and its use in mental health nursing
Hagen, B. F. (2007) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0349.2007.00453.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Combining an SSRI with an anticonvulsant in depressed patients with dysphoric mood: an open study.
Pasquini, M., Picardi, A., Speca, A., Orlandi, V., Tarsitani, L., Morosini, P., Cascavilla, I., & Biondi, M. (2007) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.1186/1745-0179-3-3 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“This might partly be ascribed to the use of specific rating scales for depression, which tend to put all depressions 'in the same basket'[2] and have been the object of some criticisms [3-6].”
Psychometric Properties of the Expanded Version of the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in a Turkish Population
Irak, M., & Albayrak, E. O. (2018) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294118813844 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“There are currently more than 100 assessment scales for depression (Demyttenaere & De Fruyt, 2003).”
Background
Cortical Thickness of the Salience Network and Change in Apathy Following Antidepressant Treatment for Late-Life Depression
Pimontel, M. A., Solomonov, N., Oberlin, L. E., Kanellopoulos, T., Bress, J. N., Hoptman, M. J., Alexopoulos, G. S., & Gunning, F. M. (2020) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.06.007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A Metascientific Review of the Evidential Value of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Depression
Williams, A. J., Botanov, Y., Giovanetti, A. K., Perko, V. L., Sutherland, C. L., Youngren, W. A., & Sakaluk, J. K. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.06.004 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Beck Depression Inventory-II: Self-report or interview-based administrations show different results in older persons
Georgi, H. S., Vlckova, K. H., Lukavský, J., Kopeček, M., & Bareš, M. (2018) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610218001187 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Methods to select results to include in meta-analyses deserve more consideration in systematic reviews
Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Chau, M., Green, S., & Forbes, A. B. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.02.009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In contrast, depressive and anxiety disorder RCTs have no such core set [32,33], which may have contributed to the variation in decision rules for depression scales that we encountered.”
Background
Trends in (not) using scales in major depression: A categorization and clinical orientation
Demyttenaere, K., & Jaspers, L. (2020) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.87 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Since the MADRS reflects the effects of a variety of antidepressants (with different mode of action), it seems to put all antidepressants in one basket and therefore cannot answer the question whether antidepressants with a different mode of action target different symptoms or different symptom clusters [19]).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Is Interleukin 17 (IL-17) Expression A Common Point in the Pathogenesis of Depression and Obesity?
Bliźniewska-Kowalska, K. M., Szewczyk, B., Gałecka, M., Su, K., Maes, M. H. J., Szemraj, J., & Gałecki, P. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9124018 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gray and white matter structural examination for diagnosis of major depressive disorder and subthreshold depression in adolescents and young adults: a preliminary radiomics analysis
Ma, H., Zhang, D., Sun, D., Wang, H., & Yang, J. (2022) · BMC Medical Imaging · doi:10.1186/s12880-022-00892-5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“StD patients inclusion criteria were 1 Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) score ≥ 16 [25]; 2 the scores of 17-items of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD17) were 7 ~ 17 [26]; 3 not met the diagnostic criteria of MDD and have no history of MDD.”
Method
Primary Prevention in Psychiatry Adult Populations
Brenner, R., Madhusoodanan, S., Puttichanda, S., & Chandra, P. (2010) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371002200403 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Does psychological treatment of major depression reduce cardiac risk biomarkers? An exploratory randomized controlled trial
Euteneuer, F., Neuert, M., Salzmann, S., Fischer, S., Ehlert, U., & Rief, W. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722000447 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“One explanation for these diverging findings may be that the BDI, in contrast to the MADRS, has been conceptualized to reflect outcomes of psychotherapy (Demyttenaere & De Fruyt, 2003) and may thus stronger relate to the biological effects of CBT.”
Result
Supporting Family Carers of Community-Dwelling Elder with Cognitive Decline: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Schoenmakers, B., Buntinx, F., & Delepeleire, J. (2010) · International Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.1155/2010/184152 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The most important disadvantage of the BDI is the score deviation in patients with an important somatic disease [36].”
Variation of genes encoding KAT1, AADAT and IDO1 as a potential risk of depression development
Wigner, P., Czarny, P. L., Synowiec, E., Bijak, M., Talarowska, M. E., Gałecki, P., Szemraj, J., & Śliwiński, T. (2018) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.05.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The intensity of DD symptoms was measured in the study according to the grades proposed by Demyttenaere and De Fruyt [50] before and after antidepressant therapy with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI).”
Method
Differences in depressive thoughts between major depressive disorder, IFN-α-induced depression, and depressive disorders among cancer patients
Pasquini, M., Speca, A., Mastroeni, S., Chiaie, R. D., Sternberg, C. N., & Biondi, M. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2008.01.009 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In fact, Demyttenaere and De Fruyt [20] noted that choosing a particular psychometric instrument over another makes an important difference due to the different coverage of depressive items.”
Background
HUMAN NEUROPSIN GENE IN DEPRESSION
Bobińska, K., Mossakowska-Wójcik, J., Szemraj, J., Gałecki, P., Zajączkowska, M., & Talarowska, M. E. (2017) · Psychiatria Danubina · doi:10.24869/psyd.2017.195 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Comparison of short-term (saliva) and long-term (hair) cortisol levels in out-patients with melancholic and non-melancholic major depression
Herane-Vives, A., Young, A. H., Wise, T., Aguirre, J. M., de Angel, V., Arnone, D., Papadopoulos, A. S., & Cleare, A. J. (2020) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2020.8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Regional metabolic heterogeneity in anterior cingulate cortex in major depressive disorder: A multi-voxel 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
He, J., Wang, D., Ban, M., Kong, L., Xiao, Q., Yuan, F., & Zhu, X. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Working memory impairment as a common component in recurrent depressive disorder and certain somatic diseases.
Gałecki, P., Talarowska, M. E., Moczulski, D. K., Bobińska, K., Opuchlik, K., Gałecka, E., Florkowski, A., & Lewiñski, A. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales and Early Maladaptive Schemas in Depressive Disorders
Talarowska, M. E., Wysiadecki, G., & Chodkiewicz, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138062 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“[33]: <7—no depressive symptoms; 8–12—mild intensity of depressive symptoms; 13–17—moderate intensity of depressive symptoms; 18–29—severe intensity of depressive symptoms; >30—highly severe intensity of depressive symptoms.”
Background
Effects of bright light therapy on cingulate cortex dynamic functional connectivity and neurotransmitter activity in young adults with subthreshold depression
Tang, G., Chen, P., Chen, G., Yang, Z., Ma, W., Yan, H., Su, T., Zhang, Y., Zhang, S., Qi, Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.035 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Efficacy and Tolerability of Reboxetine in Depressive Patients Treated in Routine Clinical Practice
Messer, T., Schmauß, M., & Lambert‐Baumann, J. (2005) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-200519010-00004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Exploring the differences in psychometric properties of commonly used self-rating depression scales across various populations in China: A quantitative systematic review
Zhao, Y.-J., Gui, P.-P., Xu, J., Guo, T., Li, J., Jing, W., Wang, G., & Meng, L. (2025) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2025.104635 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Translating Neurogenomics Into New Medicines.
Wendland, J., & Ehlers, M. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.04.027 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Does psychological treatment of major depression reduce cardiac risk biomarkers? An exploratory randomized controlled trial
Euteneuer, F., Neuert, M., Salzmann, S., Fischer, S., Ehlert, U., & Rief, W. (2022) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.5167/uzh-218437 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Melancholic features related to rimonabant
Viana, B. D. M., Prais, H. A. C., & Daker, M. V. (2009) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2008.12.009 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In addition, HAM-D17 does not assess some of the criterion ofmelancholic, especially atypical features, as well as theMontgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory [17].”
Background
The missing link between clinical endpoints and drug targets in depression
Pasqua, O. E. D., Santen, G. W. E., & Danhof, M. (2010) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2009.12.004 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Melancholic versus non-melancholic depression: differences on cognitive function. A longitudinal study protocol
Monzón, S., Gili, M., Vives, M., Serrano-Ripoll, M. J., Bauzá, N., Molina, R., Garcı́a-Toro, M., Salvá, J., Llobera, J., & Roca, M. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-48 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“This is the most commonly used severity scale in clinical practice and research with mood disorders [12,13].”
Comparison of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale: Baked Straight From a Randomized Study
Santi, N. S., Biswal, S. B., Naik, B. N., Sahoo, J. P., & Rath, B. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.45098 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Some previous studies [6,11-14] also compared the HDRS and MADRS tools.”
Result

Assessment of depression: A comparison of rating scales
Faravelli, C., Albanesi, G., & Poli, E. (1986) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(86)90076-5 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Relative sensitivity of the Montgomery?????sberg depression rating scale, the Hamilton depression rating scale and the Clinical Global Impressions rating scale in antidepressant clinical trials: a replication analysis
Khan, A., Brodhead, A. E., & Kolts, R. L. (2004) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200405000-00006 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
自己記入式うつ病評価尺度の比較検討
水木, 章., 土生, 建., 今泉, 潤., & 山田, 通. (1984) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB)
Relative sensitivity of the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression rating scale and the Clinical Global Impressions rating scale in antidepressant clinical trials
Khan, A., Khan, S., Shankles, E. B., & Polissar, N. L. (2002) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/00004850-200211000-00003 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Improving depression severity assessment—I. Reliability, internal validity and sensitivity to change of three observer depression scales
Maier, W., Philipp, M., Heuser, I., Schlegel, S., Buller, R., & Wetzel, H. (1988) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(88)90022-2 · Cited by 108 · see citing works

Authors: Demyttenaere, K., & De Fruyt, J.
Affiliations: Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
ORCID: Demyttenaere, Koen
Venue: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
Publisher: S. Karger AG
Published: 2003
Volume: 72
Issue: 2
Pages: 61-70
ISSN: 0033-3190 (ISSN-L)
1423-0348
DOI: 10.1159/000068690
OpenAlex: W2056648954
Cited by: 206
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 11
FWCI: 11.87
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (vor)
www.karger.com/Services/SiteLicenses (tdm)
Locations: Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: depression rating scales, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Beck Depression Inventory, observer rating scale, self-rating scale, antidepressant efficacy, depression subtypes, depression severity assessment
MeSH terms: Antidepressive Agents, Clinical Trials as Topic, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Psychological Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity, Reproducibility of Results, Bias

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Getting What You Ask For: On the Selectivity of Depression Rating Scales

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