The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: Has the Gold Standard Become a Lead Weight?

Bagby, R. Michael; Ryder, Andrew G.; Schuller, Deborah R.; Marshall, Margarita B.

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2163

Cited by 1,148Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and Assessment

The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: Has the Gold Standard Become a Lead Weight?

Bagby, R. Michael, Ryder, Andrew G., Schuller, Deborah R., Marshall, Margarita B.·2004·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2163

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale has been the gold standard for the assessment of depression for more than 40 years. Criticism of the instrument has been increasing. The authors review studies published since the last major review of this instrument in 1979 that explicitly examine the psychometric properties of the Hamilton depression scale. The authors' goal is to determine whether continued use of the Hamilton depression scale as a measure of treatment outcome is justified. METHOD: MEDLINE was searched for studies published since 1979 that examine psychometric properties of the Hamilton depression scale. Seventy studies were identified and selected, and then grouped into three categories on the basis of the major psychometric properties examined-reliability, item-response characteristics, and validity. RESULTS: The Hamilton depression scale's internal reliability is adequate, but many scale items are poor contributors to the measurement of depression severity; others have poor interrater and retest reliability. For many items, the format for response options is not optimal. Content validity is poor; convergent validity and discriminant validity are adequate. The factor structure of the Hamilton depression scale is multidimensional but with poor replication across samples. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence suggests that the Hamilton depression scale is psychometrically and conceptually flawed. The breadth and severity of the problems militate against efforts to revise the current instrument. After more than 40 years, it is time to embrace a new gold standard for assessment of depression.

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The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression has adequate internal consistency, with Cronbach's α >0.7 in most studies, and good convergent and discriminant validities.
“Studies on the psychometric properties of the HAMD indicated that it has adequate internal consistency where in most studies, its Cronbach’s α was >0.7. It also exhibited good convergent and discriminant validities.40”
From Study protocol on the efficacy of exergames-acceptance and commitment therapy program for the treatment of major depressive disorder: Comparison with acceptance and commitment therapy alone and treatment-as-usual in a multicentre randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
The HAM-D scores being compared were the total of 15 items without prorating due to established variability across individual items.
“Therefore, the HAM-D scores being compared were the total of 15 items in the HAM-D without prorating due to the established variability across individual items. 69”
From Guided self-help for depression in autistic adults: The ADEPT feasibility RCT (2019) · cites this paper as [69]

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Sensitivity to change and minimal clinically important difference of the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire (GAD-7)
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Development and reliability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (SIGMA).
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Self-citation
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Telephone-based physical activity counseling for major depression in people with multiple sclerosis
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Primum Non Nocere: An Evolutionary Analysis of Whether Antidepressants Do More Harm than Good
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Effects of the dialectical behavioral therapy-mindfulness module on attention in patients with borderline personality disorder
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Validity study of Kessler's psychological distress scales conducted among patients admitted to French emergency department for alcohol consumption‐related disorders
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Treating Inpatients With Comorbid Depression and Alcohol Use Disorders: A Comparison of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Versus Treatment as Usual
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A mega-analysis of fixed-dose trials reveals dose-dependency and a rapid onset of action for the antidepressant effect of three selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
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The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: The making of a “gold standard” and the unmaking of a chronic illness, 1960–1980
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The Intellectual Crisis of Psychiatric Research
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The effectiveness of individual interpersonal psychotherapy as a treatment for major depressive disorder in adult outpatients: a systematic review
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Effects of cognitive therapy versus interpersonal psychotherapy in patients with major depressive disorder: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses
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Suicidal subtypes, stress responsivity and impulsive aggression
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Metacognitive therapy versus cognitive behaviour therapy in adults with major depression: a parallel single-blind randomised trial
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Evaluation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) in screening stroke patients for symptoms: Item Response Theory (IRT) analysis
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A computer-aided telephone system to enable five persons with Alzheimer's disease to make phone calls independently
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Creatine as a Novel Treatment for Depression in Females Using Methamphetamine: A Pilot Study
Hellem, T. L., Sung, Y.-H., Shi, X.-F., Pett, M. A., Latendresse, G., Morgan, J., Huber, R. S., Kuykendall, D., Lundberg, K. J., & Renshaw, P. F. (2015) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2015.1100471 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Chemokine profile in women with moderate to severe anxiety and depression during pregnancy
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Technology-based orientation programs to support indoor travel by persons with moderate Alzheimer's disease: impact assessment and social validation
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Single-case experimental research designs.
Kazdin, A. E. (2015) · Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (4th ed.). · doi:10.1037/14805-029 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Generalized Anxiety Disorder Severity Scale validation in older adults
Andreescu, C., Belnap, B. H., Rollman, B. L., Houck, P., Ciliberti, C., Mazumdar, S., Shear, M. K., & Lenze, E. J. (2008) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31817c6aab · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Are existing self‐ratings of acute manic symptoms in adults reliable and valid?—A systematic review
Meyer, T. D., Crist, N., La Rosa, N., Ye, B., Soares, J. C., & Bauer, I. E. (2020) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12906 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Uncontrolled pilot study of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Health at Every Size intervention for obese, depressed women: Accept Yourself!
Berman, M. I., Morton, S. N., & Hegel, M. T. (2016) · Psychotherapy · doi:10.1037/pst0000083 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Treatment of depressive symptoms in patients with breast cancer: A randomized controlled trial comparing cognitive therapy and bright light therapy.
Desautels, C., Savard, J., Ivers, H., Savard, M.-H., & Caplette-Gingras, A. (2018) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000539 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Effect of Group Psychoeducation Program on Medication Adherence in Patients with Bipolar Mood Disorders: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Rahmani, F., Ebrahimi, H., Ranjbar, F., Razavi, S. S., & Asghari, E. (2016) · Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.15171/jcs.2016.030 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Bright light therapy in pregnant women with major depressive disorder: study protocol for a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial
Bais, B., Kamperman, A. M., van der Zwaag, M. D., Dieleman, G. C., Harmsen van der Vliet-Torij, H. W., Bijma, H. H., Lieverse, R., Hoogendijk, W. J. G., & Lambregtse-van den Berg, M. P. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-1092-2 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Speed of Improvement in Sleep Disturbance and Anxiety Compared With Core Mood Symptoms During Acute Treatment of Depression in Old Age
Dombrovski, A. Y., Blakesley-Ball, R. E., Mulsant, B. H., Mazumdar, S., Houck, P. R., Szanto, K., & Reynolds, C. F. (2006) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000218325.76196.d1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Feasibility study of an interactive multimedia electronic problem solving treatment program for depression: a preliminary uncontrolled trial
Berman, M. I., Buckey, J. C., Hull, J. G., Linardatos, E., Song, S. L., McLellan, R. K., & Hegel, M. T. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2014.02.001 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Role of Emotional Competence in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Compare, A., Brugnera, A., Spada, M. M., Zarbo, C., Tasca, G. A., Sassaroli, S., Caselli, G., Ruggiero, G. M., & Wittstein, I. (2018) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000564 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Guided self-help for depression in autistic adults: The ADEPT feasibility RCT
Russell, A., Gaunt, D., Cooper, K., Horwood, J., Barton, S., Ensum, I., Ingham, B., Parr, J., Metcalfe, C., Rai, D., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23680 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Relationship status: single 23/31 (74) 19/34 (56) Currently taking other medication for mental health 5/28 (18) 7/32 (22) Experience of psychological/talking therapy: at least one experience 21/29 (72) 20/29 (69)”
Background
Avoidant coping in panic disorder: A yohimbine biological challenge study
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Prospective, open trial of adjunctive triple chronotherapy for the acute treatment of depression in adolescent inpatients
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Relationship of depression with cognitive insight and socio‐occupational outcome in patients with schizophrenia
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Analyzing non-verbal behavior throughout recovery in a sample of depressed patients receiving deep brain stimulation
McCall, M. V., Riva-Posse, P., Garlow, S. J., Mayberg, H. S., & Crowell, A. L. (2020) · Neurology Psychiatry and Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.npbr.2020.05.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Adjunctive bright light therapy for non-seasonal major depressive disorder: a randomized controlled trial.
Chen, I.-P., Huang, C.-C., Huang, H.-C., Yang, F.-P. G., Ko, K.-T., Lee, Y.-T., Sun, F.-J., & Liu, S.-I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912430 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A novel brief treatment for methamphetamine use disorders in South Africa: a randomised feasibility trial
Sorsdahl, K., Stein, D. J., Pasche, S., Jacobs, Y., Kader, R., Odlaug, B., Richter, S., Myers, B., & Grant, J. E. (2021) · Addiction Science & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1186/s13722-020-00209-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The influence of motherhood on neural systems for reward processing in low income, minority, young women
Moses-Kolko, E. L., Forbes, E. E., Stepp, S., Fraser, D., Keenan, K. E., Guyer, A. E., Chase, H. W., Phillips, M. L., Zevallos, C. R., Guo, C., et al. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.01.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Study protocol on the efficacy of exergames-acceptance and commitment therapy program for the treatment of major depressive disorder: Comparison with acceptance and commitment therapy alone and treatment-as-usual in a multicentre randomised controlled trial
Zhang, B., Deng, H., Ren, J., Legrand, F. D., Ahmad Yusof, H., Zhang, R., & Leong Bin Abdullah, M. F. I. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-080315 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Is ketamine efficacious for rapid treatment of acute suicidal ideation in an emergency setting? Lessons learned from a pilot randomized controlled trial
Barzkar, M., Alavi, K., Malakouti, K., Khajeh-Azad, M.-A., Barzkar, F., Jalali Nadoushan, A. H., & Lahiji, M. N. (2025) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-024-07029-7 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Scores above 22 point to very severe depression [15, 16].”

Authors: Bagby, R. M., Ryder, A. G., Schuller, D. R., & Marshall, M. B.
Affiliations: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
ORCID: Bagby, R. Michael
Ryder, Andrew G.
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2004-12
Volume: 161
Issue: 12
Pages: 2163-2177
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.12.2163
OpenAlex: W2124295269
Cited by: 1,148
References: 88
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 55 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 71 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 39.88
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, depression assessment, psychometric properties, reliability statistics, validity, content validity, factor structure, treatment outcome assessment, depression severity
MeSH terms: Depressive Disorder, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, ROC Curve, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results, Treatment Outcome

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The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale: Has the Gold Standard Become a Lead Weight?

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