Cited by 169Stress Responses and CortisolTryptophan and brain disordersNeuropeptides and Animal Physiology

HPA and Immune Axes in Stress: Involvement of the Serotonergic System

Leonard, Brian E.·2006·Neuroimmunomodulation

Abstract

Chronic stress, by initiating changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system, acts as a trigger for anxiety and depression. There is experimental and clinical evidence that the rise in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoids, which occurs in a chronically stressful situation and also in depression, contributes to the behavioural changes associated with depression. A defect in serotonergic function is associated with these hormonal and immune changes. Neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdalae are the frequent outcomes of the changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system. Such changes may provide evidence for the link between chronic depression and dementia in later life.

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Crossref · 10.1159/000104854

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69 of 69 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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  • Cytokines affect the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the catecholamine/sympathetic nervous system, the two biological systems most associated with the pathophysiology of depression.

    “Cytokines affect two biological systems that are most associated with the pathophysiology of depression: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the catecholamine/sympathetic nervous system.”

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Authors
Leonard, B. E.
Affiliations
Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
Corresponding author
Leonard, Brian E.
Venue
Neuroimmunomodulation
Publisher
S. Karger AG
Published
2006
Volume
13
Issue
5-6
Pages
268-276
ISSN
  • 1021-7401 (ISSN-L)
  • 1423-0216
OpenAlex
W2025883568
Cited by
169
References
69
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
FWCI
1.12
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • NeuroImmunoModulation (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
Keywords
chronic stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune system, serotonergic system, inflammatory cytokines, glucocorticoids, depression, anxiety, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, neurodegeneration, dementia
MeSH terms
Animals, Anxiety, Brain, Chronic Disease, Depression, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Nerve Degeneration, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Serotonin, Stress, Psychological, Cytokines

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