HPA and Immune Axes in Stress: Involvement of the Serotonergic System
Abstract
Chronic stress, by initiating changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system, acts as a trigger for anxiety and depression. There is experimental and clinical evidence that the rise in the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and glucocorticoids, which occurs in a chronically stressful situation and also in depression, contributes to the behavioural changes associated with depression. A defect in serotonergic function is associated with these hormonal and immune changes. Neurodegenerative changes in the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdalae are the frequent outcomes of the changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system. Such changes may provide evidence for the link between chronic depression and dementia in later life.
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Cytokines affect the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the catecholamine/sympathetic nervous system, the two biological systems most associated with the pathophysiology of depression.
“Cytokines affect two biological systems that are most associated with the pathophysiology of depression: The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the catecholamine/sympathetic nervous system.”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Leonard, B. E.
- Affiliations
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Leonard, Brian E.
- Venue
- Neuroimmunomodulation
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 268-276
- ISSN
- 1021-7401 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0216
- OpenAlex
- W2025883568
- Cited by
- 169
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImmunoModulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Keywords
- chronic stress, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, immune system, serotonergic system, inflammatory cytokines, glucocorticoids, depression, anxiety, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, neurodegeneration, dementia
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anxiety, Brain, Chronic Disease, Depression, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Nerve Degeneration, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Serotonin, Stress, Psychological, Cytokines
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