Inflammation and depression: Is there a causal connection with dementia?

E.Leonard, Brian; Myint, Ayemu

doi:10.1007/bf03033243

Cited by 76Tryptophan and brain disordersNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration MechanismsStress Responses and Cortisol

Inflammation and depression: Is there a causal connection with dementia?

E.Leonard, Brian, Myint, Ayemu·2006·Neurotoxicity Research

DOI 10.1007/bf03033243

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Abstract

Epidemiological studies show that there is a correlation between chronic depression and the likelihood of dementia in later life. There is evidence that inflammatory changes in the brain are pathological features of both depression and dementia. This suggests that an increase in inflammation-induced apoptosis, together with a reduction in the synthesis of neurotrophic factors caused by a rise in brain glucocorticoids, may play a role in the pathology of these disorders. A reduction in the neuroprotective components of the kynurenine pathway, such as kynurenic acid, and an increase in the neurodegenerative components, 3- hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid, contribute to the pathological changes. Such changes are postulated to cause neuronal damage and thereby predispose chronically depressed patients to dementia.

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The brains of patients with chronic depression show increased cell apoptosis with decreased volumes of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala and increased ventricular volume, and the chances for developing dementia increase accordingly.
“The brains of patients with chronic depression show increased cell apoptosis with decreased volumes of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala and increased ventricular volume. The chances for developing dementia increase accordingly in these patients, and chronic inflammatory responses are thought to be involved in this process[50].”
From Neuroinflammation and cytokine abnormality in major depression: cause or consequence in that illness? (2016) · cites this paper as [50]

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LETTER TO THE EDITOR
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The new ‘5-HT’ hypothesis of depression: Cell-mediated immune activation induces indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which leads to lower plasma tryptophan and an increased synthesis of detrimental tryptophan catabolites (TRYCATs), both of which contribute to the onset of depression
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Depression and sickness behavior are Janus-faced responses to shared inflammatory pathways
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Inflammation-Associated Co-morbidity Between Depression and Cardiovascular Disease
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Increased Phospholipase A2 Activity and Inflammatory Response But Decreased Nerve Growth Factor Expression in the Olfactory Bulbectomized Rat Model of Depression: Effects of Chronic Ethyl-Eicosapentaenoate Treatment
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Inflammation, Heart Disease, and Depression
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Inflammatory Biomarkers and Depression
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The putative neurodegenerative links between depression and Alzheimer's disease
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3-Hydroxykynurenine: An intriguing molecule exerting dual actions in the Central Nervous System
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New insight into the antidepressants action: modulation of kynurenine pathway by increasing the kynurenic acid/3-hydroxykynurenine ratio
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Melatonin as a potential therapeutic agent in psychiatric illness
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Co-Morbidity between Cardiovascular Pathology and Depression: Role of Inflammation
Halaris, A. E. (2013) · Modern trends in psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000343981 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Inflammation and the Silent Sequelae of Stroke
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Implications of Efavirenz for Neuropsychiatry: A Review
Cavalcante, G. I. T., Capistrano, V. L. M., Cavalcante, F. S., Vasconcelos, S. M. M., Macêdo, D. S., de Sousa, F. C. F., Woods, D. J., & Fonteles, M. M. D. F. (2010) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207454.2010.520541 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The Role of Melatonin in the Immuno-Neuro-Psychology of Mental Disorders
y Aibar, M. D. M., Pérez-San-Gregorio, M. Á., & Reiter, R. J. (2008) · Recent Patents on CNS Drug Discovery · doi:10.2174/157488909787002564 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hyperforin is a modulator of inducible nitric oxide synthase and phagocytosis in microglia and macrophages
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Major Depression as a Neuroprogressive Prelude to Dementia: What Is the Evidence?
Leonard, B. E. (2017) · Modern trends in psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000470807 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Inflammation as the Cause of the Metabolic Syndrome in Depression
Leonard, B. E. (2013) · Modern trends in psychiatry · doi:10.1159/000343974 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Depression in adulthood and risk of dementia later in life: A Danish register-based cohort study of 595,828 men
Larsen, E. N., Sloth, M. M. B., Osler, M., Wium‐Andersen, I. K., & Jørgensen, T. S. H. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.083 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Diabetic encephalopathy: the role of oxidative stress and inflammation in type 2 diabetes
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Shen-Qi-Jie-Yu-Fang exerts effects on a rat model of postpartum depression by regulating inflammatory cytokines and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells
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Low Mood and Risk of Dementia: The Role of Marital Status and Living Situation
Sjöberg, L., Fratiglioni, L., Lövdén, M., & Wang, H. (2019) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2019.08.014 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ianthellamide A, a selective kynurenine-3-hydroxylase inhibitor from the Australian marine sponge Ianthella quadrangulata
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Relationship Between Depression and Neurodegeneration: Risk Factor, Prodrome, Consequence, or Something Else? A Scoping Review
Papa, D., Ingenito, A., von Gal, A., Pandis, M. F. D., & Piccardi, L. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13051023 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Role of Inflammation in Psychiatric Disorders
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RETRACTED: Neuroprotective Role of L-NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester (L-NAME) against Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia with Crowding Stress (CHC) Induced Depression-Like Behaviour
Deep, S. N., Baitharu, I., Sharma, A., Gurjar, A. K. S., Prasad, D. N., & Singh, S. B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0153371 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Retracted
Neuroinflammation and Neurotoxicity Contribute to neuroprogression in neurological and psychiatric disorders
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Co-morditities of environmental diseases: A common cause
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Altered expression of γ-secretase components in animal model of major depressive disorder induced by reserpine administration
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BindingDB Entry 50039682: Ianthellamide A, a selective kynurenine-3-hydroxylase inhibitor from the Australian marine sponge Ianthella quadrangulata.
BindingDB (2013) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q23n24fb

Authors: E.Leonard, B., & Myint, A.
Venue: Neurotoxicity Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2006-06
Volume: 10
Issue: 2
Pages: 149-160
ISSN: 1029-8428 (ISSN-L)
1476-3524
DOI: 10.1007/bf03033243
OpenAlex: W2026416952
Cited by: 76
References: 130
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 0.68
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Neurotoxicity Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: chronic depression, dementia, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, neurotrophic factors, glucocorticoids, kynurenine pathway, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine, quinolinic acid, neuronal injury, causal relationship
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Dementia, Depression, Humans, Inflammation, Models, Biological, Nerve Degeneration, Neurons

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Inflammation and depression: Is there a causal connection with dementia?

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