Ccl2/Cx3cr1-Deficient Mice: An Animal Model for Age-Related Macular Degeneration
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Background/Aims: Senescent Ccl2–/– mice develop cardinal features of human age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Loss-of-function single-nucleotide polymorphisms within CX3CR1 are associated with AMD. Methods: We generated Ccl2–/–/Cx3cr1–/– [double-knockout (DKO)] mice and evaluated the eyes using fundoscopy routine histology, immunochemistry, biochemistry and proteomics. Results: At 6 weeks old, all DKO mice developed AMD-like retinal lesions such as abnormal retinal pigment epithelium cells, drusen, photoreceptor atrophy and choroidal neovascularization, which progressed with age and reversed with high omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid diet. N-retinylidene-N-retinylethanolamine (A2E), a major lipofuscin fluorophore, illustrated by an emission peak at ∼600 nm, was significantly higher in DKO retinal pigment epithelium. Decreased ERp29 was found in the retina of DKO mice. Conclusion: A broad spectrum of AMD pathologies with early onset and high penetrance in these mice implicate certain chemokines, A2E and endoplasmic reticulum proteins in AMD pathogenesis.
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Ccl2/Cx3cr1 double knockout mice show ultrastructural AMD signs including lipofuscin granule accumulation and increased A2E accumulation on biochemical analysis.
“These mice also exhibited ultrastructural signs of AMD such as accumulation of lipofuscin granules, as well as increased the N-retinylidene–N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) accumulation on biochemical analysis (Chan et al., 2008; Tuo et al., 2007).”
From Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as Chan et al., 2008
Ccl2/Cx3cr1 double knockout mice exhibit fundoscopically visible drusen-like lesions at 4-6 weeks of age, histological AMD signs including Bruch's membrane thickening, drusen, local RPE hypopigmentation and degeneration, photoreceptor disorganization and atrophy, and CNV in some mice.
“We found that Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mice exhibited, at an early age of 4–6 weeks, fundoscopically visible drusen-like lesions, as well as histological signs of AMD such as thickening of Bruch’s membrane, drusen, local RPE hypopigmentation and degeneration, and photoreceptor disorganization and atrophy, as well as CNV in some mice.”
From Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as Chan et al., 2008
These lesions progressed to large, confluent areas of yellow deposits in the deep retina and subretinal space by 4-6 months of age and flattened atrophic areas by 6 months of age.
“These lesions progressed to large, confluent areas of yellow deposits in the deep retina and subretinal space by 4–6 months of age and flattened atrophic areas by 6 months of age (Chan et al., 2008).”
From Retinal ultrastructure of murine models of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (2010) · cites this paper as Chan et al., 2008
Drusen in Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mice were smaller (5-15 μm) than classic human drusen seen in AMD patients.
“Drusen, while present, were smaller (5–15 μm) than classic human drusen seen in AMD patients.”
From Retinal ultrastructure of murine models of dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (2010) · cites this paper as Chan et al., 2008
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Zynkowska, A., Kuźmiuk, D., Kiełbus, M., Skrzyniarz, A. M., Ręjdak, R., Baj, J., Forma, A., & Dolar-Szczasny, J. (2026) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app16115576
- Authors
- Chan, C.-C., Ross, R. J., Shen, D., Ding, X., Majumdar, Z., Bojanowski, C. M., Zhou, M., Salem, Jr., Bonner, R., & Tuo, J.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- National Eye Institute (US)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (US)
- Venue
- Ophthalmic Research
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2008
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 124-128
- ISSN
- 0030-3747 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0259
- PMC
- PMC2409067
- OpenAlex
- W2087711766
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Ophthalmic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Eye Institute (Z01EY000418)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- age-related macular degeneration, MCP-1, CX3CR1, chemokines, double knockout mice, retinal pigment epithelium, drusen, choroidal neovascularization, photoreceptor atrophy, omega-3 fatty acids, A2E, lipofuscin, ERp29, endoplasmic reticulum stress, retinal aging
- MeSH terms
- CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1, Animals, Disease Models, Animal, Macular Degeneration, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Microscopy, Fluorescence, Pigment Epithelium of Eye, Cytokines, Mice, Knockout, Disease Progression, Chemokine CCL2, Receptors, Chemokine, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Mice
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