Cited by 205Retinal Diseases and TreatmentsRetinal Development and DisordersRetinal Imaging and Analysis

Murine Ccl2/Cx3cr1 Deficiency Results in Retinal Lesions Mimicking Human Age-Related Macular Degeneration

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Tuo, Jingsheng, Bojanowski, Christine M., Zhou, Min, Shen, Defen, Ross, Robert J., Rosenberg, Kevin I., Cameron, D. Joshua, Yin, Chunyue +4 more·2007·Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science

Abstract

PURPOSE: Senescent Ccl2(-/-) mice are reported to develop cardinal features of human age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Loss-of-function single-nucleotide polymorphisms within CX3CR1 are also found to be associated with AMD. The authors generated Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice to establish a more characteristic and reproducible AMD model. METHODS: Single Ccl2- and Cx3cr1-deficient mice were crossbred to obtain Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice. Funduscopy, histopathology, retinal A2E quantification, proteomics, RT-PCR gene expression assay, immunochemistry, and Western blotting were used to examine the retina and to evaluate gene expression within the retinal tissue. RESULTS: By 6 weeks of age, all Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice developed AMD-like retinal lesions, including drusen, retinal pigment epithelium alteration, and photoreceptor degeneration. Furthermore, choroidal neovascularization occurred in 15% of the mice. These degenerative lesions progressed with age. A2E, a major lipofuscin fluorophore that accumulated during AMD progression, was significantly higher in the Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) retina than in the wild-type retina. Complement cofactor was higher in the Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) RPE. Proteomics data indicated that four proteins were differentially expressed in Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) retina compared with control. One of these proteins, ERp29, an endoplasmic reticulum protein, functions as an escort chaperone and in protein folding. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that Ccl2(-/-)/Cx3cr1(-/-) mice develop a broad spectrum of AMD abnormalities with early onset and high penetrance. These observations implicate certain chemokines and endoplasmic reticulum proteins in AMD pathogenesis. Similar to the mechanism of neurodegeneration caused by dysfunction of endoplasmic reticulum proteins, decreased chaperoning may cause misfolded protein accumulation, leading to drusen formation and retinal degeneration.

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  • Ccl2/Cx3cr1 double knockout mice show ultrastructural AMD signs including lipofuscin granule accumulation and increased A2E accumulation on biochemical analysis.

    “These mice also exhibited ultrastructural signs of AMD such as accumulation of lipofuscin granules, as well as increased the N-retinylidene–N-retinylethanolamine (A2E) accumulation on biochemical analysis (Chan et al., 2008; Tuo et al., 2007).”

    From Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as Tuo et al., 2007

  • Ccl2/Cx3cr1 double knockout mice exhibit fundoscopically visible drusen-like lesions at 4-6 weeks of age, histological AMD signs including Bruch's membrane thickening, drusen, local RPE hypopigmentation and degeneration, photoreceptor disorganization and atrophy, and CNV in some mice.

    “We found that Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mice exhibited, at an early age of 4–6 weeks, fundoscopically visible drusen-like lesions, as well as histological signs of AMD such as thickening of Bruch’s membrane, drusen, local RPE hypopigmentation and degeneration, and photoreceptor disorganization and atrophy, as well as CNV in some mice.”

    From Molecular pathology of age-related macular degeneration (2009) · cites this paper as Tuo et al., 2007

  • Spontaneous CNV was present in about 15% of Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mice.

    “Spontaneous CNV was present in about 15% of Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mice (Tuo et al., 2007).”
  • Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mice began exhibiting drusen-like lesions on fundoscopy as early as 4-6 weeks of age.

    “Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mice began exhibiting drusen-like lesions on fundoscopy as early as 4–6 weeks of age.”
  • The Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mouse model has demonstrated early onset of the AMD phenotype with high penetrance.

    “The Ccl2−/−/Cx3cr1−/− mouse model has demonstrated early onset of the AMD phenotype with high penetrance (Tuo et al., 2007).”

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Niess JH, Brand S, Gu X, et al. CX3CR1-mediated dendritic cell access to the intestinal lumen and bacterial clearance. Science. 2005;307:254 -258.
  2. Combadiere C, Salzwedel K, Smith ED, Tiffany HL, Berger EA, Murphy PM. Identification of CX3CR1: a chemotactic receptor for the human CX3C chemokine fractalkine and a fusion coreceptor for HIV-1. J Biol Chem. 1998;273:23799 -23804.
  3. Hubbard MJ. Functional proteomics: the goalposts are moving. Proteomics. 2002;2:1069 -1078.
  4. Hermann VM, Cutfield JF, Hubbard MJ. Biophysical characteriza- tion of ERp29: evidence for a key structural role of cysteine 125. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:13529 -13537.

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Authors
Tuo, J., Bojanowski, C. M., Zhou, M., Shen, D., Ross, R. J., Rosenberg, K. I., Cameron, D. J., Yin, C., Kowalak, J. A., Zhuang, Z., Zhang, K., & Chan, C.-C.
Affiliations
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • National Eye Institute (US)
  • University of Utah (US)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (US)
Venue
Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science
Published
2007-08-01
Volume
48
Issue
8
Pages
3827
ISSN
  • 0146-0404 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-5783
OpenAlex
W1969157499
Cited by
205
References
75
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 30
FWCI
16.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Eye Institute (Z01EY000418)
  • National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
Keywords
age-related macular degeneration, MCP-1, CX3CR1, chemokine deficiency, retinal lesions, drusen, retinal pigment epithelium, photoreceptor degeneration, choroidal neovascularization, A2E, lipofuscin, ERp29, endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, protein misfolding, mouse model
MeSH terms
CX3C Chemokine Receptor 1, Aging, Animals, Complement C3b, Disease Models, Animal, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Female, Heat-Shock Proteins, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Pyridinium Compounds, Retina, Retinoids, Retinal Drusen, Complement C4b, Microglia, Mice, Knockout, Chemokine CCL2, Receptors, Chemokine, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Mice

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