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On the Independent Origins of Complex Brains and Neurons
Open accessAbstract
Analysis of the origin and evolution of neurons is crucial for revealing principles of organization of neural circuits with unexpected implications for genomic sciences, biomedical applications and regenerative medicine. This article presents an overview of some controversial ideas about the origin and evolution of neurons and nervous systems, focusing on the independent origin of complex brains and possible independent origins of neurons. First, earlier hypotheses related to the origin of neurons are summarized. Second, the diversity of nervous systems and convergent evolution of complex brains in relation to current views about animal phylogeny is discussed. Third, the lineages of molluscs and basal metazoans are used as illustrated examples of multiple origins of complex brains and neurons. Finally, a hypothesis about the independent origin of complex brains, centralized nervous systems and neurons is outlined. Injury-associated mechanisms leading to secretion of signal peptides (and related molecules) can be considered as evolutionary predecessors of inter-neuronal signaling and the major factors in the appearance of neurons in the first place.
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“The first nervous systems are suggested to be primarily peptidergic in nature 7 .”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Moroz, L. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moroz, Leonid L.
- ORCID
- Moroz, Leonid L.
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior and Evolution
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 177-190
- ISSN
- 0006-8977 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9743
- PMC
- PMC2855278
- OpenAlex
- W2073642997
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 0.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Evolution (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0744649)
- Brain Research Foundation
- McKnight Foundation
- Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Research Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1R01NS06076)
- National Center for Research Resources (R21RR025699)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Keywords
- nervous system evolution, Mollusca, basal metazoans, animal phylogeny, neural circuit organization
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Biological Evolution, Models, Biological, Mollusca, Neurons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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