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Cited by 108Marine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyNeurobiology and Insect Physiology ResearchNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

The chemical brain hypothesis for the origin of nervous systems

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Jékely, Gáspár·2021·Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
DOI 10.1098/rstb.2019.0761PMC PMC7935135
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Abstract

In nervous systems, there are two main modes of transmission for the propagation of activity between cells. Synaptic transmission relies on close contact at chemical or electrical synapses while volume transmission is mediated by diffusible chemical signals and does not require direct contact. It is possible to wire complex neuronal networks by both chemical and synaptic transmission. Both types of networks are ubiquitous in nervous systems, leading to the question which of the two appeared first in evolution. This paper explores a scenario where chemically organized cellular networks appeared before synapses in evolution, a possibility supported by the presence of complex peptidergic signalling in all animals except sponges. Small peptides are ideally suited to link up cells into chemical networks. They have unlimited diversity, high diffusivity and high copy numbers derived from repetitive precursors. But chemical signalling is diffusion limited and becomes inefficient in larger bodies. To overcome this, peptidergic cells may have developed projections and formed synaptically connected networks tiling body surfaces and displaying synchronized activity with pulsatile peptide release. The advent of circulatory systems and neurohemal organs further reduced the constraint imposed on chemical signalling by diffusion. This could have contributed to the explosive radiation of peptidergic signalling systems in stem bilaterians. Neurosecretory centres in extant nervous systems are still predominantly chemically wired and coexist with the synaptic brain. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens’.

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  • The evolution of neurons and neural circuits allowed life to overcome the limitations imposed by diffusion-limited communication.

    “The evolution of neurons [247] and neural circuits [248] allowed life to overcome the limitations imposed by diffusion-limited communication [249].”

    From Fundamental constraints to the logic of living systems (2024) · cites this paper as [249]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Jékely, G.
Affiliations
University of Exeter (GB)
Corresponding author
Jékely, Gáspár
ORCID
Jékely, Gáspár
Venue
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
Publisher
The Royal Society
Published
2021-02-08
Volume
376
Issue
1821
Pages
20190761-20190761
ISSN
  • 0962-8436 (ISSN-L)
  • 1471-2970
DOI
10.1098/rstb.2019.0761
PMC
PMC7935135
OpenAlex
W3127290032
Cited by
108
References
14
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 2
FWCI
13.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
  • PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Leverhulme Trust (RPG-2018-392)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords
volume transmission, synaptic transmission, small peptides, diffusion limitation, neurohemal organs, cardiovascular system, neurosecretion, bilaterian evolution, neuronal networks
MeSH terms
Brain, Biological Evolution, Nervous System, Synaptic Transmission, Signal Transduction

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