A Pilot Study of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Neurochemistry in Adolescents with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Abstract
Background/Aims: This study used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H MRS) to evaluate the neurochemistry of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in adolescents with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Methods: Adolescents with GAD (n = 10) and healthy subjects (n = 10) underwent a 1 H MRS scan at 4 T. Glutamate (Glu), N-acetyl aspartate, creatine (Cr) and myo-inositol concentrations were measured in the ACC and were compared between untreated adolescents with GAD and age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. Results: Glu/Cr ratios in the ACC correlated with the severity of both generalized anxiety symptoms on the Pediatric Anxiety Rating Scale and with total anxiety symptom severity as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, but did not differ between adolescents with GAD and healthy subjects. In addition, no differences in N-acetyl aspartate, Cr, or myo-inositol were detected between groups. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Glu/Cr in untreated adolescents with GAD may relate to the severity of anxiety symptoms and raise the possibility that dysregulation of Glu within the ACC may be linked to the pathophysiology of pediatric GAD.
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Findings in the amygdala regions for anxious vs. non-anxious adolescents are less clear, with some studies reporting larger volumes in the right and left amygdala, specifically the basolateral amygdala, smaller volumes in the left amygdala, or no difference in amygdala volume.
“Findings in the amygdala regions for anxious vs. non-anxious adolescents are less clear, with some studies reporting larger volumes in the right and left amygdala, specifically the basolateral amygdala35,36, smaller volumes in the left amygdala31,37,38 or no difference in amygdala volume39.”
From Multimodal evidence for delayed threat extinction learning in adolescence and young adulthood (2019) · cites this paper as [39]
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- Authors
- Strawn, J. R., Chu, W.-J., Whitsel, R. M., Weber, W. A., Norris, M. M., Adler, C. M., Eliassen, J. C., Phan, K. L., Strakowski, S. M., & DelBello, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Cincinnati (US)
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Venue
- Neuropsychobiology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 224-229
- ISSN
- 0302-282X (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0224
- OpenAlex
- W2010589303
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 6.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuropsychobiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000077)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- generalized anxiety disorder, adolescents, anterior cingulate cortex, glutamate, N-acetylaspartate, myo-inositol, creatine, 1H NMR, anxiety symptom severity, neurochemistry
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Aspartic Acid, Brain Chemistry, Child, Creatine, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Inositol, Male, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Pilot Projects, Case-Control Studies, Glutamic Acid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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