Relationship between Seismocardiogram and Echocardiogram for Events in the Cardiac Cycle
Abstract
Seismocardiography (SCG) is a noninvasive method to record ultralow-frequency cardiac vibrations from the chest wall using an accelerometer. This research evaluated the relationship between SCG and echocardiography (Echo); 39 subjects had simultaneous SCG and Echo, 28 were normals and 11 had dilated cardiomyopathy. Ten SCG points were compared with their corresponding systolic and diastolic Echo points. The mean absolute difference between SCG and Echo for 5 systolic points was 7.6 ms and 6.8 ms for the 5 diastolic points. Two SCG systolic points showed increased divergence from the Echo points in subjects with cardiomyopathy. Both methods showed approximately equal ability to distinguish longer cardiac time intervals among abnormals compared with normals. Intrasubject variability was lower in the SCG than Echo. The consistency between SCG and Echo points indicates that they are equally accurate in measuring cardiac time intervals.
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The aortic valve closing (AC) is near the beginning of the first major minima of the second heart sound.
“the AC is near the beginning of the first major minima of the second heart sound.”
From A Chest‐Conformable, Wireless Electro‐Mechanical E‐Tattoo for Measuring Multiple Cardiac Time Intervals (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
The observed correspondence of AO and AC to heart sound features agrees with previous literature.
“This result agrees with previous literature. [38,39]”
From A Chest‐Conformable, Wireless Electro‐Mechanical E‐Tattoo for Measuring Multiple Cardiac Time Intervals (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
The aortic valve opening (AO) corresponds to the first major peak of the first heart sound.
“the AO clearly corresponds to the first major peak of the first heart sound”
From A Chest‐Conformable, Wireless Electro‐Mechanical E‐Tattoo for Measuring Multiple Cardiac Time Intervals (2023) · cites this paper as [38]
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Inan, O. T., Migeotte, P.-F., Park, K.-S., Etemadi, M., Tavakolian, K., Casanella, R., Zanetti, J., Tank, J., Funtova, I., Prisk, G. K., et al. (2015) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2014.2361732 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
“Significant features of the SCG waveform were identified and associated with key events in the cardiac cycle [17].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialRecent Advances in Seismocardiography
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“The characteristics of these signals are likely to contain useful information that correlate with cardiovascular physiologic [14] and pathologic processes [15].”
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“This annotation was proposed by Crow and colleagues (Crow et al., 1994) as result of a direct comparison of SCG displacements with echocardiographic images, where ATC = atrial contraction; MC = closure of mitral valve; AO = opening of aortic valve; MA = point of maximal blood acceleration in the…”
Seismocardiography: Past, present and future
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“Moreover, a set of nine inflection points, i.e., AS, MC, AO, RE, AC, MO, RF, IM, IC are also observed in Seismocardiography indicating various unique cardiac mechanical activities [16,17].”
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“Fiducial features of the SCG and GCG waveforms have been found to correlate with the timing of known cardiac events [24,25].”
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“In 1994, the combination of SCG and ECHO was also evaluated [22], and the low-frequency cardiac vibrations became a promising niche of research.”
BackgroundGyrocardiography: A Review of the Definition, History, Waveform Description, and Applications
Sieciński, S., Kostka, P., & Tkacz, E. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20226675 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
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“The first medical use of SCG was tried by Salerno and Zanetti [4], whereas Crow annotated it with the help of echocardiography [5].”
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“3, the nine feature points identified previously by Crow [8], including MC, IM, AO, IC, AC, MO, RE, peak of RF, and peak of AS can be identified in the SCG traces acquired at the conventional tricuspid valve site.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA wearable system for the seismocardiogram assessment in daily life conditions
Rienzo, M. D., Meriggi, P., Rizzo, F., Vaini, E., Faini, A., Merati, G., Parati, G., & Castiglioni, P. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6091058 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
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“The performances of gyroscopes have also been evaluated in combination with triaxial accelerometers (Yang et al., 2017; Yang and Tavassolian, 2018b; D’Mello et al., 2019; Shandhi et al., 2019).”
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“SCG is able to provide a view of the mechanical function of the heart through the summation of forces generated by each cardiac event (Crow et al., 1994).”
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Tavakolian, K., Blaber, A. P., Ngai, B., & Kamińska, B. (2010) · Computing in cardiology · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Analyzing Seismocardiogram Cycles to Identify the Respiratory Phases
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“were equally accurate in measuring STI [8].”
BackgroundInfluentialEnabling the assessment of trauma-induced hemorrhage via smart wearable systems
Zia, J. S., Kimball, J. P., Rolfes, C., Hahn, J., & Inan, O. T. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abb1708 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Prior work has used SCG, which has been deployed on numerous wearable systems (6, 7), to estimate preejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), two important fea tures of cardiomechanical function (8).”
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“During various phases of the cardiac cycle, the variations in cardiac contraction forces result in several peaks and valleys in the SCG signal, corresponding to distinct cardiovascular events, referred to as fiducial points [11].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialForcecardiography: A Novel Technique to Measure Heart Mechanical Vibrations onto the Chest Wall
Andreozzi, E., Fratini, A., Esposito, D., Naik, G. R., Polley, C., Gargiulo, G. D., & Bifulco, P. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20143885 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Hence, it is possible to estimate time intervals and velocities of physiological relevance, which give important insights into the mechanics of the beating heart (such as left ventricular ejection time, rapid diastolic filling time, isovolumic contraction and relaxation times [9,10], left ventricular lateral wall and…”
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“The contraction of heart musculature and subsequent blood flow yields signal features that correlate strongly with hemodynamic indicators such as pre-ejection period (PEP) [2], [3].”
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“One of them is the seismocardiogram (SCG); this is the measure of minute thorax accelerations produced by the beating heart and can be simply detected by placing an accelerometer on the chest surface [2].”
BackgroundECG-Free Heartbeat Detection in Seismocardiography Signals via Template Matching
Centracchio, J., Parlato, S. J., Esposito, D., Bifulco, P., & Andreozzi, E. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23104684 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
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“As reported in [21], SCG peaks are separated by a certain number of Upslopes and Downslopes.”
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Reducing the Impact of External Vibrations on Fiducial Point Detection in Seismocardiogram Signals
Lin, D. J., Kimball, J. P., Zia, J. S., Ganti, V. G., & Inan, O. T. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2021.3090376 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
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A Novel Method for Aortic Valve Opening Phase Detection Using SCG Signal
Choudhary, T., Bhuyan, M. K., & Sharma, L. N. (2019) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2019.2944235 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
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A Clinical Method for Estimation of VO2max Using Seismocardiography
Sørensen, K., Poulsen, M. K., Karbing, D. S., Søgaard, P., Struijk, J. J., & Schmidt, S. E. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/a-1144-3369 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Thus, based on the SCG signal cardiac timing intervals can be derived [16, 17].”
BackgroundPrecordial acceleration signals improve the performance of diastolic timed vibrations
Tavakolian, K., Khosrow-Khavar, F., Kajbafzadeh, B., Marzencki, M., Blaber, A. P., Kamińska, B., & Menon, C. (2013) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2012.12.001 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
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“D seismocardiograms was based on the annotation scheme proposed by Crow et al. (1994).”
BackgroundMethodMultichannel seismocardiography: an imaging modality for investigating heart vibrations
Munck, K., Sørensen, K., Struijk, J. J., & Schmidt, S. E. (2020) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/abc0b7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Khosrow-Khavar, F., Tavakolian, K., & Menon, C. (2015) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7320044 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Tavakolian, K., Ngai, B., Blaber, A. P., & Kamińska, B. (2011) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2011.6091061 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This makes them suitable for measurement of systolic time intervals [13, 14] and diastolic time intervals [15] that are of value to noninvasive cardiology.”
BackgroundCuffless and Continuous Blood Pressure Monitoring Using a Single Chest-Worn Device
Park, J., Yang, S.-M., Sohn, J., Lee, J., Lee, S., Ku, Y., & Kim, H. C. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2942184 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Previous works have shown that a particular feature point of the SCG waveform coincides with the opening of the aortic valve according to simultaneous observation by an echocardiogram [24], [30], and features derived from SCG have been validated for estimating cardiac ejection [24], [25].”
BackgroundComparative analysis of seismocardiogram waves with the ultra-low frequency ballistocardiogram
Ngai, B., Tavakolian, K., Akhbardeh, A., Blaber, A. P., Kamińska, B., & Noordergraaf, A. (2009) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/iembs.2009.5333649 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“A cycle of ECG (top) and SCG (bottom) recorded in our lab and annotated as proposed by the Salerno group [14].”
MethodAssantachai, P., Chatthanawaree, W., Thamlikitkul, V., Praditsuwan, R., & Pisalsarakij, D. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Heartbeat Detection in Gyrocardiography Signals without Concurrent ECG Tracings
Parlato, S. J., Centracchio, J., Esposito, D., Bifulco, P., & Andreozzi, E. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23136200 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Isilay, Z. M., Racca, V., Pezzano, A., Tavanelli, M., & Rienzo, M. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.825918 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Actually, since the first paper proposing the SCG (at that time termed precordial ballistocardiogram) (Mounsey, 1957), it has been observed that altered SCG waves may occur in patients suffering from different heart diseases, with many subsequent confirmations (Salerno and Zanetti, 1990; Wilson et al., 1993; Crow et a…”
BackgroundUse of seismocardiogram for the beat-to-beat assessment of the Pulse Transit Time: A pilot study
Rienzo, M. D., Vaini, E., & Lombardi, P. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7320049 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The correspondence between the specific SCG displacements and cardiac events has been previously verified by concomitant ultrasound measures [7, 8, 9].”
Accurate and consistent automatic seismocardiogram annotation without concurrent ECG
Laurin, A., Khosrow-Khavar, F., Blaber, A. P., & Tavakolian, K. (2016) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/37/9/1588 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Yao, J., Tridandapani, S., Wick, C. A., & Bhatti, P. T. (2017) · IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1109/jtehm.2017.2708100 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Further comparison between SCG and echocardiography [24], [28]–[30] suggested that SCG can reliably capture cardiac motion and therefore potentially be a supplement to ECG in CTA gating (Fig.”
BackgroundMethodAutocorrelated Differential Algorithm for Real-Time Seismocardiography Analysis
D’Mello, Y., Skoric, J., Xu, S., Akhras, M., Roche, P. J. R., Lortie, M. A., Gagnon, S., & Plant, D. V. (2019) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2019.2903449 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“The annotations indicate inflection points in the morphology of the waveform corresponding to specific events in a regular cardiac cycle [19].”
BackgroundSystolic and diastolic cardiac function time intervals and exercise capacity in women
Libonati, J. R., Colby, A. M., Caldwell, T. M., KASPARIAN, R., & GLASSBERG, H. L. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199902000-00009 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Investigating the estimation of cardiac time intervals using gyrocardiography
Dehkordi, P., Tavakolian, K., Tadi, M. J., et al. (2020) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/ab87b2 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“It was proposed that the characteristic points of MC, AO, AC and MO labelled on SCG would coincide with mitral valve closure, aortic valve opening, aortic valve closure and mitral valve opening, respectively Crow et al (1994).”
BackgroundSimple Heart Rate Monitoring System with a MEMS Gyroscope for Sleep Studies
Hernandez, J. E., & Cretu, E. (2018) · IEEE Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON) · doi:10.1109/iemcon.2018.8614753 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In a similar attempt to that of [11], the waveforms from the gyroscope’s signal were related to specific phases in the cardiac cycle using well stablished tools such as echocardiography, ECG, and impedance cardiogram [31], [32].”
MethodReal-Time Seismocardiogram Feature Extraction Using Adaptive Gaussian Mixture Models
Lin, D. J., Gazi, A. H., Kimball, J. P., Nikbakht, M. R., & Inan, O. T. (2023) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2023.3273989 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chuo, Y., Tavakolian, K., & Kamińska, B. (2009) · Journal of Medical Systems · doi:10.1007/s10916-009-9380-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“In all cases of cardiac vibration studies, interpretation of the vibration signals is difficult without analyzing it together with cardiac potential (electrocardiography, ECG) recorded synchronously [4, 5].”
BackgroundRienzo, M. D., Avolio, A., Rizzo, G., Zeybek, Z. M. I., & Cucugliato, L. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3101976 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Detecting Coronary Artery Disease Using Rest Seismocardiography and Gyrocardiography
Dehkordi, P., Bauer, E. P., Tavakolian, K., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.758727 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“suggested that the fiducial points of the dorsoventral SCG were associated with aortic and mitral valve opening and closure events (Crow et al., 1994) which were further investigated in a recent study (Dehkordi et al.”
ResultAn Adaptive Feature Extraction Algorithm for Classification of Seismocardiographic Signals
Taebi, A., Solar, B. E., & Mansy, H. A. (2018) · IEEE SoutheastCon · doi:10.1109/secon.2018.8478958 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“SCG1 contains important physiological events such as aortic valve opening, mitral valve closure, isovolumic contraction, and rapid ejection [31], [32].”
BackgroundChanges in Forcecardiography Heartbeat Morphology Induced by Cardio-Respiratory Interactions
Centracchio, J., Esposito, D., Gargiulo, G. D., & Andreozzi, E. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22239339 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Ac ording to [48], the AO and AC markers were locat d on the dHF-FCG signal by taking advantage of a simult neous ECG recording.”
MethodA textile-based wearable system for the prolonged assessment of cardiac mechanics in daily life
Rienzo, M. D., Vaini, E., Castiglioni, P., Lombardi, P., Meriggi, P., & Rizzo, F. (2014) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6945213 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Exercise training improves left ventricular isovolumic relaxation
Libonati, J. R. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200008000-00007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Respiratory Modulation of Sternal Motion in the Context of Seismocardiography
Skoric, J., D’Mello, Y., Aboulezz, E., Hakim, S., Clairmonte, N., Lortie, M. A., & Plant, D. V. (2022) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2022.3173205 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“intervals such as the opening and closing of the aortic and mitral valves [22], [23].”
BackgroundA Wavelet-Based Approach for Motion Artifact Reduction in Ambulatory Seismocardiography
Skoric, J., D’Mello, Y., & Plant, D. V. (2024) · IEEE Journal of Translational Engineering in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1109/jtehm.2024.3368291 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Furthermore, key fiducial points in the SCG waveform have been associated with valve movements [15], [16], enabling the measurement of cardiac time intervals such as left-ventricular ejection time [17], [18], and pre-ejection period [19], [20].”
BackgroundIdentifying Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Using Rest and Exercise Seismocardiography
Dehkordi, P., Bauer, E. P., Tavakolian, K., Zakeri, V., Blaber, A. P., & Khosrow-Khavar, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2019.01211 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“These fiducial points are suggested to be associated with mitral valve closure (MC), isovolumic contraction (IM), aortic valve opening (AO), aortic valve closure (AC), and mitral valve opening (MO), respectively (Crow et al., 1994).”
BackgroundCuff-Less Blood Pressure Monitoring with a 3-Axis Accelerometer
Chang, E. Y., Wang, S., Cheng, C., Gupta, A., Hsu, P., Hsu, P., Liu, H.-L., Moffitt, A., Ren, A., & Tsaur, I. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857864 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Assessment of Mechanical Cardiac Function in Elite Athletes
Neary, J. P. (2011) · The Open Sports Medicine Journal · doi:10.2174/1874387001105010026 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“(2) for the nomenclature listed here [34].”
MethodInfluentialAutomated Identification of Persistent Time-Domain Features in Seismocardiogram Signals
Zia, J. S., Kimball, J. P., Shandhi, M. M. H., & Inan, O. T. (2019) · IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI ...) · doi:10.1109/bhi.2019.8834555 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Notably, SCG waveform features have been demonstrated to correlate with cardiac cycle events, including aortic valve opening (AO) and closing (AC) [2] [3].”
Comparative analysis of infrasonic cardiac signals
Tavakolian, K., Ngai, B., Akhbardeh, A., Kamińska, B., & Blaber, A. P. (2009) · Computers in Cardiology Conference · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Seismocardiography: Practical implementation and feasibility
Paukkunen, M. (2014) · Aaltodoc (Aalto University) · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hesar, M. E., Seyedsadrkhani, N. S., Khan, D., Naghashian, A., Piekarski, M., Gall, H. J., SCHERMULY, R. T., Ghofrani, H. A., & Ingebrandt, S. (2023) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2023.115693 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Noncontact Multipoint Vital Sign Monitoring With mmWave MIMO Radar
Ren, W., Cao, J., Yi, H., Hou, K., Hu, M., Wang, J., & Qi, F. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques · doi:10.1109/tmtt.2024.3513399 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“More specifically, surface vibrations generated by different chambers of the heart and lungs exhibit inherent positional specificity, even within the same cardiac or respiratory cycle [4], providing more localized and detailed information about physiological changes.”
Accurate Blood Pressure Measurement Using Smartphone's Built-in Accelerometer
Wang, L., Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Ma, X., Dai, H., Zhang, Y., Li, Z., & Gu, T. (2024) · Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive Mobile Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies · doi:10.1145/3659599 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Clustering of SCG Events Using Unsupervised Machine Learning
Gamage, P. T., Azad, M. K., Taebi, A., Sandler, R. H., & Mansy, H. A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36844-9_7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Korzeniowska‐Kubacka, I., Kuśmierczyk‐Droszcz, B., Bilińska, M., Dobraszkiewicz-Wasilewska, B., Mazurek, K., & Piotrowicz, R. (2006) · Via Medica Journals · Cited by 12 · see citing works
High accurate detection method for aortic valve opening of seismocardiography signals
Zheng, C., Peng, W., Huang, T., Eldar, Y. C., & Yu, M. (2023) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2023.105484 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Parlato, S., Centracchio, J., Esposito, D., Bifulco, P., & Andreozzi, E. (2025) · Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13246-025-01531-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wearable seismocardiography for the beat-to-beat assessment of cardiac intervals during sleep
Rienzo, M. D., Vaini, E., Castiglioni, P., Lombardi, P., Parati, G., Lombardi, C., Meriggi, P., & Rizzo, F. (2014) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6945018 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Using Moving Average Method to Recognize Systole and Diastole on Seismocardiogram without ECG Signal
Luu, L., & Dinh, A. (2018) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513297 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of Static Respiratory Volume on the Waveform of Cardiac-induced Sternal Vibrations
Skoric, J., D’Mello, Y., Lortie, M. A., Gagnon, S., & Plant, D. V. (2019) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857505 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Computer-Aided Detection of Fiducial Points in Seismocardiography through Dynamic Time Warping
Chen, C., Lin, W., & Lee, M. (2022) · Biosensors · doi:10.3390/bios12060374 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In 1994, Crow examined trimodal screenshots of simultaneous ECG and SCG signals and echocardiography images to investigate the relationship between SCG and echocardiographic images regarding cardiac events [16].”
BackgroundPostural and longitudinal variability in seismocardiographic signals
Azad, M. K., Gamage, P. T., Dhar, R., Sandler, R. H., & Mansy, H. A. (2023) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/1361-6579/acb30e · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Seismocardiographic Signal Variability During Regular Breathing and Breath Hold in Healthy Adults
Azad, M. K., Gamage, P. T., Sandler, R. H., et al. (2019) · IEEE Signal Processing in Medicine and Biology Symposium · doi:10.1109/spmb47826.2019.9037852 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“[3] R.”
Zia, J. S., Kimball, J. P., Rozell, C. J., & Inan, O. T. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1109/tbme.2020.3014040 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Prior literature has demonstrated a strong relationship between time-domain features of the SCG signal and cardiac time intervals (CTIs), most notably the pre-ejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET), essential indicators of cardiac preload and contractility [3], [4].”
Background
- Authors
- Crow, R. S., Hannan, P., Jacobs, D., Hedquist, L., & Salerno, D. M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Noninvasive Cardiology
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2017-08-11
- Pages
- 39-46
- ISSN
- 0258-4425 (ISSN-L)
- 2504-2378
- OpenAlex
- W2247575651
- Cited by
- 186
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 13.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Noninvasive Cardiology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- seismocardiography, echocardiography, cardiac cycle timing, dilated cardiomyopathy, cardiac time intervals, within-person variability, cardiac vibrations
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