Long-Term Neurologic Consequences following Fetal Growth Restriction: The Impact on Brain Reserve
Open accessAbstract
Background: Fetal growth restriction (FGR) corresponds to the fetus’s inability to achieve an adequate weight gain based on genetic potential and gestational age. It is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Summary: In this review, we address the challenges of diagnosis and classification of FGR. We review how chronic fetal hypoxia impacts brain development. We describe recent advances on placental and fetal brain imaging using magnetic resonance imaging and how they offer new noninvasive means to study growth restriction in humans. We go on to review the impact of FGR on brain integrity in the neonatal period, later childhood, and adulthood and review available therapies. Key Messages: FGR consequences are not limited to the perinatal period. We hypothesize that impaired brain reserve, as defined by structure and size, may predict some concerning epidemiological data of impaired cognitive outcomes and dementia with aging in this group of patients.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Preterm birth and FGR are clinically observable sentinel phenotypes that may reflect several adverse maternal-placental-fetal pathways and are themselves associated with long-term cardiometabolic risk.
“Preterm birth and FGR are clinically observable sentinel phenotypes that may reflect several adverse maternal–placental–fetal pathways and are themselves associated with long-term cardiometabolic risk [97,98,99,100,101].”
From Placental Pathophysiology and Developmental Programming of Adult Cardiometabolic Risk: A Narrative Review of Pregnancy Exposures (2026) · cites this paper as [101]
The Etiology of FGR section describes multiple causes of FGR, and its Fetal Programming subsection associates FGR with later cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The paper does not establish the same long-term cardiometabolic association for preterm birth, so it supports the FGR portion but not the claim about both phenotypes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Pathophysiology of placental-derived fetal growth restriction
Burton, G. J., & Jauniaux, E. (2018) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.11.577 · Cited by 1,070 · see citing works
Lees, C. C., Stampalija, T., Baschat, A. A., da Silva Costa, F., Ferrazzi, E., Figueras, F., Hecher, K., Kingdom, J., Poon, L. C., Salomon, L. J., et al. (2020) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.22134 · Cited by 886 · see citing works
The role of inflammation in perinatal brain injury
Hagberg, H., Mallard, C. E., Ferriero, D. M., Vannucci, S. J., Levison, S. W., Vexler, Z. S., & Gressèns, P. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.13 · Cited by 832 · see citing works
Figueras, F., & Gratacós, E. (2014) · Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.1159/000357592 · Cited by 799 · see citing works
Lees, C., Marlow, N., Arabin, B., Bilardo, C. M., Brezinka, C., Derks, J. B., Duvekot, J., Frusca, T., Diemert, A., Ferrazzi, E., et al. (2013) · Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1002/uog.13190 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Neonatal Morbidities of Fetal Growth Restriction: Pathophysiology and Impact
Malhotra, A., Allison, B. J., Castillo-Melendez, M., Jenkin, G., Polglase, G. R., & Miller, S. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00055 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
McCowan, L. M., Figueras, F., & Anderson, N. H. (2018) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.004 · Cited by 451 · see citing works
Sacchi, C., Marino, C., Nosarti, C., Vieno, A., Visentin, S., & Simonelli, A. (2020) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1097 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Crispi, F., Miranda, J., & Gratacós, E. (2018) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2017.12.012 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Placental Pathology in Early-Onset and Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction
Mifsud, W., & Sebire, N. J. (2014) · Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.1159/000359969 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Intrauterine Cannabis Exposure Affects Fetal Growth Trajectories: The Generation R Study
Marroun, H. E., Tiemeier, H. W., Steegers, E. A. P., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Verhulst, F. C., van den Brink, W., & Huizink, A. C. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181bfa8ee · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Intrauterine Growth Restriction Affects the Preterm Infant's Hippocampus
Lodygensky, G. A., Seghier, M. L., Warfield, S. K., Tolsa, C. B., Sizonenko, S. V., Lazeyras, F., & Hüppi, P. S. (2008) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318165c005 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Self-citationMallard, C. E., Loeliger, M. M., Copolov, D., & Rees, S. M. (2000) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00271-2 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Fischi-Gómez, E., Vasung, L., Meskaldji, D. E., Lazeyras, F., Borradori-Tolsa, C., Hagmann, P., Barisnikov, K., Thiran, J., & Hüppi, P. S. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu073 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Effects of maternal tobacco-smoke exposure on fetal growth and neonatal size
Reeves, S., & Bernstein, I. (2008) · Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1586/17474108.3.6.719 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
; for the ELGAN Study Investigators, Leviton, A., Fichorova, R. N., O’Shea, T. M., Kuban, K., Paneth, N., Dammann, O., & Allred, E. N. (2012) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2012.188 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Derwig, I. E., Lythgoe, D. J., Barker, G. J., Poon, L. C., Gowland, P. A., Yeung, R., Zelaya, F. O., & Nicolaides, K. H. (2013) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2013.07.006 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Martinussen, M., Flanders, D. W., Fischl, B. R., Busa, E., Løhaugen, G. C. C., Skranes, J. S., Vangberg, T. R., Brubakk, A., Haraldseth, O., & Dale, A. M. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.06.015 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Foetal and postnatal head growth and risk of cognitive decline in old age
Galé, C. R. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg225 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Neonatal microglia: The cornerstone of brain fate
Pierre, W. C., Smith, P. L. P., Londoño, I., Chemtob, S., Mallard, C. E., & Lodygensky, G. A. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.08.018 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationOrzabal, M. R., Lunde-Young, E. R., Ramirez, J. I., Howe, S. Y. F., Naik, V. D., Lee, J., Heaps, C. L., Threadgill, D. W., & Ramadoss, J. (2019) · Translational Research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2019.01.001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Wang, X., Lee, N. L., & Burstyn, I. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106041 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dawe, R. J., Yu, L., Arfanakis, K., Schneider, J. A., Bennett, D. A., & Boyle, P. A. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12009 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Separating fetal and maternal placenta circulations using multiparametric MRI
Melbourne, A., Aughwane, R., Sokolska, M., Owen, D., Kendall, G. S., Flouri, D., Bainbridge, A. P., Atkinson, D., Deprest, J. A., Vercauteren, T. K., et al. (2018) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.27406 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes following Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Very Preterm Birth
Sacchi, C., O’Muircheartaigh, J., Batallé, D., Counsell, S. J., Simonelli, A., Cesano, M., Falconer, S., Chew, A. T. M., Kennea, N. L., Nongena, P., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.07.002 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Fleiss, B., Wong, F. Y., Brownfoot, F., Shearer, I. K., Baud, O., Walker, D. W., Gressèns, P., & Tolcos, M. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00188 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Wixey, J. A., Lee, K. M., Miller, S. M., Goasdoué, K., Colditz, P. B., Bjorkman, S. T., & Chand, K. K. (2019) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1392-1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Andescavage, N. N., Duplessis, A., Metzler, M., Bulas, D., Vézina, G., Jacobs, M. B., Iqbal, S. N., Baschat, A., & Limperopoulos, C. (2017) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/jp.2017.129 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Global and Regional Differences in Brain Anatomy of Young Children Born Small for Gestational Age
de Bie, H. M. A., Oostrom, K. J., Boersma, M., Veltman, D. J., Barkhof, F., de Waal, H. A. D., & van den Heuvel, M. P. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024116 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Cerebrovascular adaptations to chronic hypoxia in the growth restricted lamb
Castillo-Meléndez, M., Yawno, T., Allison, B. J., Jenkin, G., Wallace, E. M., & Miller, S. (2015) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2015.01.004 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Brain lactate in preterm and growth–retarded neonates
Leth, H., Toft, P. B., Pryds, O. A., Peitersen, B., Lou, H., & Henriksen, O. M. (1995) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13681.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Mosing, M. A., Lundholm, C., Cnattingius, S., Gatz, M., & Pedersen, N. L. (2018) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002609 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Aughwane, R., Mufti, N., Flouri, D., Maksym, K., Spencer, R. N., Sokolska, M., Kendall, G. S., Atkinson, D., Bainbridge, A. P., Deprest, J. A., et al. (2020) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/1471-0528.16387 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
New means to assess neonatal inflammatory brain injury
Jin, C., Londoño, I., Mallard, C. E., & Lodygensky, G. A. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0397-2 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Vliet, E., Eixarch, E., Illa, M., Arbat‐Plana, A., González-Tendero, A., Högberg, H. T., Zhao, L., Härtung, T., & Gratacós, E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064545 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Benítez-Marín, M. J., Marín-Clavijo, J., Blanco-Elena, J. A., López, J. S. J., & González‐Mesa, E. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8090745 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Eikenes, L., Martinussen, M., Lund, L., Løhaugen, G. C. C., Indredavik, M. S., Jacobsen, G. W., Skranes, J. S., Brubakk, A., & Haberg, A. K. (2012) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2012.129 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Schiffer, V. M. M. M., van Haren, A., Cubber, L. D., Bons, J. A. P., Coumans, A. B. C., van Kuijk, S. M. J., Spaanderman, M. E. A., & Al‐Nasiry, S. (2021) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2021.04.042 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lactate detection in the brain of growth-restricted fetuses with magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Cetin, I., Barberis, B., Brusati, V., Brighina, E., Mandia, L., Arighi, A., Radaelli, T., Biondetti, P. R., Bresolin, N., Pardi, G., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2011.06.020 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Chalouhi, G. E., Alison, M., Deloison, B., Thiam, R., Autret, G., Balvay, D., Cuénod, C. A., Clémеnt, O., Salomon, L. J., & Siauve, N. (2013) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.13121742 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Muñoz‐Moreno, E., Fischi-Gómez, E., Batallé, D., Borradori-Tolsa, C., Eixarch, E., Thiran, J., Gratacós, E., & Hüppi, P. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00560 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Fetal Growth, Cognitive Function, and Brain Volumes in Childhood and Adolescence
Rogne, T., Engstrøm, A. A., Jacobsen, G. W., Skranes, J. S., Østgård, H. F., & Martinussen, M. (2015) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000000694 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Altered cardiovascular function at birth in growth-restricted preterm lambs
Polglase, G. R., Allison, B. J., Coia, E., Li, A., Jenkin, G., Malhotra, A. K., Sehgal, A., Kluckow, M. R., Gill, A. W., Hooper, S. B., et al. (2016) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2016.104 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Enns, J. E., Nickel, N. C., Chartier, M., Chateau, D. G., Campbell, R., Phillips-Beck, W., Sarkar, J., Burland, E., Katz, A., Santos, R. G., et al. (2021) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-021-03782-w · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Cortés, M. S., Simoes, R. V., Bargalló, N., Masoller, N., Figueras, F., & Gratacós, E. (2014) · Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy · doi:10.1159/000365102 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Jones, A. K., Brown, L. D., Rozance, P. J., Serkova, N. J., Hay, W. W., Friedman, J. E., & Wesolowski, S. R. (2019) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00359.2018 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Simoes, R. V., Muñoz‐Moreno, E., Cruz-Lemini, M., Eixarch, E., Bargalló, N., Cortés, M. S., & Gratacós, E. (2016) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.09.089 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Brain Morphometry and Cognition in Young Adults Born Small for Gestational Age at Term
Østgård, H. F., Løhaugen, G. C. C., Bjuland, K. J., Rimol, L. M., Brubakk, A., Martinussen, M., Vik, T., Haberg, A. K., & Skranes, J. S. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.07.045 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
An, G., Lin, Y., Xu, L. P., Huang, H. L., Liu, S. P., Yu, Y. H., & Yang, F. (2018) · Molecular Cytogenetics · doi:10.1186/s13039-018-0382-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Matthews, L. G., Smyser, C. D., Cherkerzian, S., Alexopoulos, D. K., Kenley, J. K., Tuuli, M. G., Nelson, D. M., & Inder, T. E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219596 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Alteration of the brain methylation landscape following postnatal inflammatory injury in rat pups
Pierre, W. C., Legault, L., Londoño, I., McGraw, S., & Lodygensky, G. A. (2019) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201901461r · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPlacental MRI Predicts Fetal Oxygenation and Growth Rates in Sheep and Human Pregnancy
Flouri, D., Darby, J. R. T., Holman, S. L., Cho, S. K. S., Dimasi, C. G., Perumal, S. R., Sebastien Ourselin, A., Aughwane, R., Mufti, N., Macgowan, C. K., et al. (2022) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202203738 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Magawa, S., Nii, M., Enomoto, N., Takakura, S., Maki, S., Tanaka, H., Ishida, M., Kondo, E., Sakuma, H., & Ikeda, T. (2022) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2022.06.005 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Antenatal Hypoxia Accelerates the Onset of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology in 5xFAD Mouse Model
Shen, G., Hu, S. X., Zhao, Z., Zhang, L., & Ma, Q. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.00251 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mechanisms Underlying Neurologic Injury in Intrauterine Growth Restriction
Wan, L., Luo, K., & Chen, P. (2021) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073821999896 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Brown, A. S., Wieben, M., Murdock, S., Chang, J., Dizon, M. L. V., Pierre, M. S., Chavez‐Valdez, R., Dorsky, R. I., & Fung, C. M. (2021) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0062-21.2021 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Suffren, S., Angulo, D. A., Ding, Y., Reyes, P. A., Marín, J. H., Hernández, J. T., Charpak, N., & Lodygensky, G. A. (2017) · Early Human Development · doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2017.04.016 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationRoggero, P., Giannì, M. L., Liotto, N., Taroni, F., Morniroli, D., & Mosca, F. (2011) · The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.3109/14767058.2011.607657 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Desai, M., Han, G., Li, T., & Ross, M. G. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.05.044 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental outcome after early fetal growth restriction: NEUROPROJECT—FGR
Brembilla, G., Righini, A., Scelsa, B., Lista, G., Balestriero, M. A., Cesari, E., Castoldi, F. M., Stasi, M. D., Ciardi, C., Ligato, E., et al. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-020-01333-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Feeding growth restricted premature neonates: a challenging perspective
Paul, S. P., Kirkham, E. N., Hawton, K., & Mannix, P. (2018) · Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics · doi:10.24911/sjp.106-1519511375 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Impaired in vivo feto-placental development is associated with neonatal neurobehavioral outcomes
Andescavage, N. N., Bullen, T., Liggett, M., Barnett, S. D., Kapse, A., Kapse, K. J., Ahmadzia, H. K., Vézina, G., Quistorff, J. L., Lopez, C., et al. (2022) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-022-02340-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Molecular Pathways of Altered Brain Development in Fetuses Exposed to Hypoxia
Orzeł, A., Unrug-Bielawska, K., Filipecka‐Tyczka, D., Berbeka, K., Żeber‐Lubecka, N., Zielińska, M., & Kajdy, A. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241210401 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Fu, L., Zhang, J., Xiong, S., & Sun, M. (2018) · Placenta · doi:10.1016/j.placenta.2018.07.001 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The impact of early life factors on cognitive function in old age: The Hordaland Health Study (HUSK)
Skogen, J. C., Øverland, S. N., Smith, A. D., Mykletun, A., & Stewart, R. J. (2013) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/2050-7283-1-16 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Ahmadzadeh, E., Dudink, I., Walker, D. W., Sutherland, A. E., Pham, Y., Stojanovska, V., Polglase, G. R., Miller, S., & Allison, B. J. (2023) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp284971 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [42]Borradori C, Zimine S, Lazeyras F, Warfield S, Freschi M, SanchoRossignol A,. Brain development in newborns following Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR): a study using 3D-MRI, 1H-MRS and neurodevelopment assessment. Pediatr Res. 2003; 53: 543A.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Role of Cellular Senescence in IUGR: Impact on Fetal Morbidity and Development
Zia, A., Sahebdel, F., Er‐Reguyeg, Y., Desjarlais, M., Mars, J.-C., Lodygensky, G. A., & Chemtob, S. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14141097 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationVaughan, O. R., Maksym, K., Hillman, S. L., Spencer, R. N., Hristova, M., David, A. L., & Lange, S. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26094247 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hu, S., Long, D. W., Bazer, F. W., Burghardt, R. C., Johnson, G. A., & Wu, G. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15131855 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Panteris, E., Kakatsaki, I., Koukou, Z., Kolvatzis, C., Papanikolaou, S., & Hatzidaki, E. (2026) · Pathophysiology · doi:10.3390/pathophysiology33030067
The impact of the placenta on neuropsychic development of the fetus
Sibirskaya, E. V., Sharkov, S. M., Юрьевич, И. Н., Aigistova, N. M., & Gorshkova, D. V. (2025) · Russian Pediatric Journal · doi:10.46563/1560-9561-2025-28-5-373-379
Song, J., Liang, Q., Wei, H., Ning, L., He, B., Zhang, Z., & Meng, Y. (2026) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s567179
Qin, Y., Mei, Y., Liu, B., & Wang, S. (2026) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s566566
Stolyarova, E. V., Syrkashev, E. M., Zorina, V. A., Kholin, K. A. M., Сагдуллаевна, Х. З., & Гус, А. И. (2026) · Radiology - Practice · doi:10.52560/2713-0118-2026-3-43-56
Yaghi, O., Lennox, K., D’Antonio, F., SHETTY, S., Vollmer, B., & Khalil, A. A. (2026) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2026.102785
- Authors
- Shah, D. K., Pereira, S., & Lodygensky, G. A.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Barts Health NHS Trust (GB)
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lodygensky, Gregory A.
- Venue
- Developmental Neuroscience
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2024-05-14
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1-8
- ISSN
- 0378-5866 (ISSN-L)
- 1421-9859
- PMC
- PMC11965808
- OpenAlex
- W4396884195
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4
- FWCI
- 0.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Developmental Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Fonds de Recherche du Québec - Santé
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy and preeclampsia studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal and fetal brain pathology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- fetal growth restriction, brain reserve, chronic fetal hypoxia, brain development, placental imaging, fetal brain MRI, brain integrity, cognitive outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Female, Fetal Growth Retardation, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Pregnancy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
