Cited by 1,411Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthLipid metabolism and disordersDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk

Open access

Austin, M A, King, M C, Vranizan, K M, Krauss, R M·1990·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

In a community-based study of 301 subjects from 61 nuclear families, two distinct phenotypes (denoted A and B) were identified by nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoretic analysis of low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses. Phenotype A was characterized by predominance of large, buoyant LDL particles, and phenotype B consisted of a major peak of small, dense LDL particles. Previous analysis of the family data by complex segregation analysis demonstrated that these phenotypes appear to be inherited as a single-gene trait. In the present study, the phenotypes were found to be closely associated with variations in plasma levels of other lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein measurements. Specifically, phenotype B was associated with increases in plasma levels of triglyceride and apolipoprotein B, with mass of very low and intermediate density lipoproteins, and with decreases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL2 mass, and plasma levels of apolipoprotein A-I. Thus, the proposed genetic locus responsible for LDL subclass phenotypes also results in an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495

Cites

66 of 66 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design
Myers, J. L., & Winer, B. J. (1964) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419292 · Cited by 8,111
A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis
Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3513311 · Cited by 5,703
Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume I - The analysis of case-control studies.
Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 4,895
The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis — An Update
Ross, R. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198602203140806 · Cited by 4,885
Applied linear statistical models : regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. (1974) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 2,818
PLASMA-HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ISCHÆMIC HEART-DISEASE
Miller, G. J., & Miller, N. E. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92376-4 · Cited by 2,621
Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease and Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
Castelli, W. P. (1986) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.256.20.2835 · Cited by 2,512
The analysis of case-control studies
Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980) · International Agency for Research on Cancer eBooks · Cited by 2,415

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 63 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

Lipid Research Clinics Program: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial: I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984;251:351-364
Heiss G, Tyroler HA: Are apolipoproteins useful for evaluat- ing ischemic heart disease? A brief overview of the literature, in Lippel K (ed): Proceeding ofthe Workshop on Apolipoprotein Quantification. National Institutes of Health publication No. (NIH) 83-1266, 1983, pp 7-19
Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Williams PT, Kelsy SF, Brensike J, Vranizan K, Detre KM, Levy RI: Intermediate density lipo- proteins and coronary artery disease progression in hypercho- lesterolemic men. Lancet 1987;2:62-66
Ernst N, Fisher M, Smith W, Gordon W, Rifkind BM, Little JA, Mishkel MA, Williams DO: The association of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with dietary intake and alcohol consumption: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation: 1980;62:41-52
Lindgren FT, Jensen LC, Hatch FT: The isolation and quan- titative analysis of serum lipoproteins, in Nelson GJ (ed): Blood Lipids and Lipoproteins. New York, Wiley Interscience, 1972, pp 181-274
Morton NE, Rao DC, Lalouel JM: Methods in genetic epi- demiology, in Klingberg MA (ed): Contributions to Epidemiol- ogy and Biostatistics. Basel, Karger, vol 4, 1983, pp 62-102
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG: Statistical Methods, ed 6. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1967
SAS Users Guide: Basics, Version 5 Edition.
SAS User Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition.
Criqui MH, Heiss G, Cohn R, Cowan LD, Suchindran CM, Bangeiwaia S: Triglyceride and Coronary Heart Disease Mortal- ity. The Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study presented at the American Heart Association 27th Conference on Cardio- vascular Disease Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, NC, 1987
Steiner G, Schwartz L, Shumak S, Poapst M: The association of increased levels of intermediate density lipoproteins with smoking and coronary heart disease. Circulation 1987; 75:124-130
Swinkels DW, Demacker PNM, Hendricks JCM, van t'Laar A: Low density lipoprotein subfractions and relationship to other risk factors in healthy individuals. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9:604-613
Krauss RM, Albers JJ, Brunzell JD: An apolipoprotein B- enriched low density lipoprotein subspecies in familial com- bined hyperlipidemia. Clin Res 1983;31:503a

Sorted by citations

Items 501–600 of 1,000

Current perspectives on the management of hypertriglyceridemia
Miller, M. J. (2000) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1067/mhj.2000.108001 · Cited by 40
Dietary fat saturation modifies the metabolism of LDL subfractions in guinea pigs.
Fernández, M. L., Abdel‐Fattah, G., & McNamara, D. J. (1993) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.13.10.1418 · Cited by 40
Exploring the Association between Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes—A Comprehensive Review
Stanciulescu, L. A., Scafa‐Udriște, A., & Dorobanţu, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24076669 · Cited by 45
“While phenotype A was defined by large, floating LDL particles, phenotype B was characterized by a predominance of small, dense particles, and the latter was further associated with a higher risk of myocardial infarction [12].”
Background
The metabolic and pharmacologic bases for treating atherogenic dyslipidaemia
Chan, D. C., Barrett, P. H. R., & Watts, G. F. (2013) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2013.10.001 · Cited by 42
Lack of effect of dietary n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio on plasma lipids and markers of insulin responses in Indian Asians living in the UK
Minihane, A. M., Brady, L. M., Lovegrove, S. S., Lesauvage, S. V., Williams, C. M., & Lovegrove, J. A. (2004) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-004-0488-9 · Cited by 39
Cardiovascular risk factors in women
Williams, C. M. (1997) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19970040 · Cited by 39
A Combination of Psyllium and Plant Sterols Alters Lipoprotein Metabolism in Hypercholesterolemic Subjects by Modifying the Intravascular Processing of Lipoproteins and Increasing LDL Uptake
Shrestha, S., Freake, H. C., McGrane, M. M., Volek, J. S., & Fernández, M. L. (2007) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/137.5.1165 · Cited by 39
“Phenotype B is associated with features of the metabolic syndrome such as increased plasma levels of triglyceride (TG) and apolipoprotein B, decreased HDL cholesterol (HDL-C), insulin resistance, high plasma glucose and insulin, and hypertension (8,9).”
Background
The Role of Endocannabinoid System Blockade in the Treatment of the Metabolic Syndrome
Kakafika, A. I., Mikhailidis, D. P., Karagiannis, A. I., & Athyros, V. G. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/0091270007299358 · Cited by 39
“007), thus inducing a less atherogenic LDL profile.(77) Plasma LDL-C levels are the main target for treatment in lipid guidelines.”
Background
Effects of troglitazone on atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in coronary patients with insulin resistance
Sunayama, S., Watanabe, Y., Ohmura, H., Sawano, M., Shimada, K., Mokuno, H., Daida, H., & Yamaguchi, H. (1999) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00138-0 · Cited by 39
Atherogenic lipoproteins and diabetes mellitus
Yoshino, G., Hirano, T., & Kazumi, T. (2002) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/s1056-8727(01)00199-4 · Cited by 38
Clustering by Plasma Lipoprotein Profile Reveals Two Distinct Subgroups with Positive Lipid Response to Fenofibrate Therapy
van Bochove, K., van Schalkwijk, D. B., Parnell, L. D., Lai, C., Ordovás, J. M., de Graaf, A. A., van Ommen, B., & Arnett, D. K. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038072 · Cited by 38
Lipoprotein separation in a novel iodixanol density gradient, for composition, density, and phenotype analysis
Yee, M. S., Pavitt, D. V., Tan, T., Venkatesan, S., Godsland, I. F., Richmond, W., & Johnston, D. G. (2008) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.d700044-jlr200 · Cited by 38
“5 nm as the cutoff between LDL phenotypes A and B (9), LDL particles in fractions 7–9 are classified as LDL1 and LDL2, and those from fractions 10–13 are LDL3.”
The Atherogenic Significance of an Elevated Plasma Triglyceride Level
Ooi, T. C., & Ooi, D. S. (1998) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408369891234255 · Cited by 37
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men, women, African Americans and non-African Americans: The pooling project
Schaefer, E. J., Ikezaki, H., Diffenderfer, M. R., Lim, E., Liu, C., Hoogeveen, R. C., Guan, W., Tsai, M. Y., & Ballantyne, C. M. (2023) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.01.015 · Cited by 37
Association of Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D with Lifestyle Factors and Metabolic and Cardiovascular Disease Markers: Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study (FIN-D2D)
Miettinen, M. E., Kinnunen, L., Leiviskä, J., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Korpi-Hyövälti, E., NISKANEN, L. K., Oksa, H. H., Saaristo, T., Tuomilehto, J., Vanhala, M. J., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100235 · Cited by 38
“A combination of increased triglyceride-rich very low-density lipoproteins and small, dense low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and decreased high-density lipoproteins (HDL) is a common feature in metabolic syndrome (MetS) [11,12].”
Background
Long-term fasting improves lipoprotein-associated atherogenic risk in humans
Grundler, F., Plonné, D., Mesnage, R., Müller, D., Sirtori, C. R., Ruscica, M., & de Toledo, F. W. (2021) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-021-02578-0 · Cited by 40
Intensive insulin therapy reduces small dense low-density lipoprotein particles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: relationship to triglyceride-rich lipoprotein subspecies
Hayashi, T., Hirano, T., Yamamoto, T., Ito, Y., & Adachi, M. (2006) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2006.02.014 · Cited by 37
“The LDL size increased significantly, so the prevalence of the sd-LDL phenotype (pattern B) [13] was markedly reduced from 33% to 11%.”
Background
Hypertriglyceridemia: A Review Beyond Low-Density Lipoprotein
Rapp, R. J. (2002) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/00045415-200205000-00005 · Cited by 37
Evaluation of a new homogenous method for detection of small dense LDL cholesterol: Comparison with the LDL cholesterol profile obtained by density gradient ultracentrifugation
Albers, J. J., Kennedy, H., & Marcovina, S. M. (2010) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.003 · Cited by 37
“The fasting lipid profile continues to be an important technique for the identification and stratification of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.”
MethodInfluential
Fibrinogen is an antioxidant that protects β-lipoproteins at physiological concentrations in a cell free system
Kaplan, I. V. (2001) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00452-x · Cited by 37
Obesity, Glucose Intolerance and Diabetes and Their Links to Cardiovascular Disease. Implications for Laboratory Medicine
Dominiczak, M. H. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2003.194 · Cited by 39
“In addition, changes in the activity of the fuel transport pathway resulting in hypertriglyceridemia promote formation of smaller and denser, more atherogenic LDL particles (73).”
Background
Postprandial lipemia and coronary risk
Patsch, W., Esterbauer, H., Föger, B., & Patsch, J. R. (2000) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-000-0025-0 · Cited by 36
GENETICS OF LIPOPROTEIN DISORDERS
Davignon, J., & Genest, J. J. (1998) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70024-4 · Cited by 37
Genetic and environmental influences on LDL subclass phenotypes
Austin, M. A. (1994) · Clinical Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1994.tb04204.x · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Lack of evidence for linkage between low‐density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes and the apolipoprotein B locus in familial combined hyperlipidemia
Austin, M. A., Wijsman, E. M., Guo, S., Krauss, R. M., Brunzell, J. D., Deeb, S. S., & Vogler, G. P. (1991) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.1370080502 · Cited by 37
Self-citation
Serum Lipid Profiles, Lipid Ratios and Chronic Kidney Disease in a Chinese Population
Zhang, L., Yuan, Z., Chen, W., Chen, S., Liu, X., Liang, Y., Shao, X., & Zou, H. (2014) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph110807622 · Cited by 36
“The series of metabolic disorders might predict endothelial dysfunction that might lead to an increased susceptibility to thrombosis [26–31].”
BackgroundMethod
Association between small dense LDL and early atherosclerosis in a sample of menopausal women
Gentile, M., Panico, S., Mattiello, A., Ubaldi, S., Iannuzzo, G., Michele, M. D., Iannuzzi, A., & Rubba, P. (2013) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2013.08.010 · Cited by 36
Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions and Cardiovascular Risk in Hypertension
Felmeden, D. C., Spencer, C. G. C., Blann, A. D., Beevers, D. G., & Lip, G. Y. H. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000056997.40992.41 · Cited by 36
Hypertriglyceridemia is a Major Factor Associated With Elevated Levels of Small Dense LDL Cholesterol in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome
Cho, Y., Lee, S., Jee, S. H., & Kim, J. (2015) · Annals of Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.3343/alm.2015.35.6.586 · Cited by 36
“Low HDL-C concentration, in conjunction with hypertriglyceridemia and presence of sdLDL, constitutes the so-called atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype [34].”
Background
Effect of metformin on serum lipoprotein lipase mass levels and LDL particle size in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Ohira, M., Miyashita, Y., Ebisuno, M., Saiki, A., Endo, K., Koide, N., Oyama, T., Murano, T., Watanabe, H., & Shirai, K. (2007) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2007.02.012 · Cited by 34
“Small sized LDL particles are well known to be atherogenic [29,30], and normalization of LDL particle size is one of the anti-atherogenic changes.”
Background
Hypertriglyceridemia: Risks and perspectives
Gotto, A. M. (1992) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)91086-j · Cited by 37
Inter-relationships between small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL), plasma triacylglycerol and LDL apoprotein B in an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype in free-living subjects
Griffin, B. A., Minihane, A. M., Furlonger, N., Chapman, C. M. L., Murphy, M. C., WILLIAMS, D., Wright, J. R., & Williams, C. M. (1999) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0970269 · Cited by 36
Genome-wide scan for quantitative trait loci influencing LDL size and plasma triglyceride in familial hypertriglyceridemia
Austin, M. A., Edwards, K. L., Monks, S. A., Koprowicz, K. M., Brunzell, J. D., Motulsky, A. G., Mahaney, M. C., & Hixson, J. E. (2003) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m300272-jlr200 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Co-ordination of hepatic and adipose tissue lipid metabolism after oral glucose
Bülow, J., Simonsen, L., Wiggins, D. K., Humphreys, S. M., Frayn, K. N., Powell, D., & Gibbons, G. F. (1999) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32427-5 · Cited by 36
Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Size Loci in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
Badzioch, M. D., Igo, R. P., Gagnon, F., Brunzell, J. D., Krauss, R. M., Motulsky, A. G., Wijsman, E. M., & Jarvik, G. P. (2004) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000143499.09575.93 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Measurement of the serum lipoprotein lipase concentration is useful for studying triglyceride metabolism: comparison with postheparin plasma
Hirano, T., Nishioka, F., & Murakami, T. (2004) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2003.10.021 · Cited by 34
The protective effect of vitamin E against prenatal and early postnatal ethanol treatment-induced heart abnormality in rats: A 3-month follow-up study
Shirpoor, A., Nemati, S., Ansari, M. H. K., & Ilkhanizadeh, B. (2015) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2015.03.008 · Cited by 35
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and its Components in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome
Jover, A., Corbella, E., Muñoz, A., Millán, J., Pintó, X., Mangas, A., Zúñiga, M., Pedro‐Botet, J., & Mijares, A. H. (2011) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2011.03.009 · Cited by 35
“The association in the same patient of increased triglyceride levels and low HDLc concentrations is usually associated with an increase in small, dense, LDLc particles, and these are considered to be highly atherogenic.(43) This profile, known as atherogenic dyslipidemia, is very common in patients with MS and DM2.”
Background
Prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Zaria, Northwestern Nigeria
Bello-Ovosi, B. O., Ovosi, J. O., Ogunsina, M. A., Asuke, S., & Ms, I. (2019) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2019.34.123.18717 · Cited by 44
Genetic association study of APOA1/C3/A4/A5 gene cluster and haplotypes on triglyceride and HDL cholesterol in a community-based population
Chien, K., Chen, M.-F., Hsu, H., Su, T., Chang, W., Lee, C., & Lee, Y. (2007) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2007.10.006 · Cited by 36
“Furthermore, the genetic pleiotrophic effects were demonstrated among families [3–5].”
Background
High‐Density Lipoprotein Subclass Distribution in Individuals of Asian Indian Descent: The National Asian Indian Heart Disease Project
Superko, H. R., Enas, E. A., Kotha, P., Bhat, N. K., & Garrett, B. C. (2005) · Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1111/j.1520-037x.2005.3766.x · Cited by 35
Enhanced susceptibility of low-density lipoproteins to oxidation in coronary bypass patients with progression of atherosclerosis
de Rijke, Y. B., Verwey, H. F., Vogelezang, C. J. M., van der Velde, E. A., Princen, H. M. G., van der Laarse, A., Bruschke, A. V. G., & van Berkel, T. J. C. (1995) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/0009-8981(95)06163-0 · Cited by 35
Effect of atorvastatin on low-density lipoprotein subtypes in patients with different forms of hyperlipoproteinemia and control subjects
Geiss, H. C., Otto, C., SCHWANDT, P., & Parhofer, K. G. (2001) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2001.24879 · Cited by 35
Effects of hypocaloric dietary treatment enriched in oleic acid on LDL and HDL subclass distribution in mildly obese women
Zambon, A., Sartore, G., Passera, D., Francini‐Pesenti, F., Bassi, A., Basso, C., Zambon, S., Manzato, E., & Crepaldi, G. (1999) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2796.1999.00550.x · Cited by 36
Association of lipoprotein subclass distribution with use of selective and non-selective beta-blocker medications in patients with coronary heart disease
Superko, H. R., Haskell, W. L., & Krauss, R. M. (1993) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(93)90095-c · Cited by 35
Self-citation
A genome wide quantitative trait linkage analysis for serum lipids in type 2 diabetes in an African population
Adeyemo, A., Johnson, T., Acheampong, J. W., Oli, J., Okafor, G., Amoah, A. G. B., Owusu, S., Agyenim‐Boateng, K., Eghan, B., Abbiyesuku, F., et al. (2005) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.12.049 · Cited by 35
“sidered a component of an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype [7,8].”
Background
Effects of evolocumab in individuals with type 2 diabetes with and without atherogenic dyslipidemia: an analysis from BANTING and BERSON
Lorenzatti, A. J., Monsalvo, M. L., López, J. A. G., Wang, H., & Rosenson, R. S. (2021) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-021-01287-6 · Cited by 34
“The lipoprotein assessment in these patients reveals an increase in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) (chylomicrons, verylow-density lipoprotein [VLDL]), accumulation of lipoprotein remnants (chylomicron remnants, small VLDL, and intermediate-density lipoprotein), and predominantly small, dense LDL particles [1, 2].”
Background
The effects of fat consumption on low-density lipoprotein particle size in healthy individuals: a narrative review
Froyen, E. (2021) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/s12944-021-01501-0 · Cited by 38
Exaggerated postprandial lipaemia and lower post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity in middle-aged men
Jackson, K. G., KNAPPER-FRANCIS, J. M. E., Morgan, L., WEBB, D. H., Zampelas, A., & Williams, C. M. (2003) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20030134 · Cited by 34
PHYSIOLOGIC CONSEQUENCES OF TRAINING
Charlton, G. A., & Crawford, M. H. (1997) · Cardiology Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0733-8651(05)70344-1 · Cited by 34
Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on the Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype
Griffin, B. A., & Zampelas, A. (1995) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr19950004 · Cited by 34
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) binding affinity for the LDL receptor in hyperlipoproteinemia
Toyota, Y., Yamamura, T., Miyake, Y., & Yamamoto, A. (1999) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00166-5 · Cited by 34
“Small, dense LDL particles are reported to be common in patients with CAD [16–20], and have been suggested to be associated with increases in the plasma triglyceride level [19–21].”
Background
Life Style and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the Japanese Population-From an Epidemiological Survey on Serum Lipid Levels in Japan 1990. Part 1: Influence of Life Style and Excess Body Weight on HDL-Cholesterol and Other Lipid Parameters in Men
Yamamoto, A., Temba, H., Horibe, H., Mabuchi, H., Saitō, Y., Matsuzawa, Y., Kita, T., & Nakamura, H. (2003) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.10.165 · Cited by 34
Influence of apo E phenotype on postprandial triglyceride and glucose responses in subjects with and without coronary heart disease
Dart, A. M. (1997) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(96)06062-5 · Cited by 34
“to reduce some of the variability associated with single fasting values and there is evidence that triglyceriderich remnant particles may be particularly atherogenic and present in the circulation for longer in subjects with coronary disease than in controls [20–23].”
Background
The insulin resistance-dyslipidemia syndrome: the most prevalent cause of coronary artery disease?
Després, J. (1993) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 34
Complex segregation analysis of LDL peak particle diameter
Austin, M. A., Jarvik, G. P., Hokanson, J. E., & Edwards, K. L. (1993) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.1370100645 · Cited by 34
Self-citation
Small-dense LDL/large-buoyant LDL ratio associates with the metabolic syndrome
Srisawasdi, P., Vanavanan, S., Rochanawutanon, M., Kruthkul, K., Kotani, K., & Kroll, M. H. (2015) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.01.011 · Cited by 33
Risk of coronary heart disease is associated with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women and non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men
Abdel-Maksoud, M. F., Eckel, R. H., Hamman, R. F., & Hokanson, J. E. (2012) · Journal of clinical lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.02.011 · Cited by 34
The characteristics of remnant lipoproteins in the fasting and postprandial plasma
Nakajima, K., Nakano, T., Tokita, Y., Nagamine, T., Yatsuzuka, S.-I., Shimomura, Y., Tanaka, A., Sumino, H., Nara, M., Machida, T., et al. (2012) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2012.02.026 · Cited by 33
“reported previously that the distributions for subjects with phenotypes A and B cross at a triglyceride concentration of approximately 95 mg/dl [25].”
Background
Treatment of Small Dense LDL
Yoshino, G., Hirano, T., & Kazumi, T. (2002) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.9.266 · Cited by 33
Small Dense Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol is a Useful Marker of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease
Nozue, T., Michishita, I., Ishibashi, Y., Ito, S., Iwaki, T., Mizuguchi, I., Miura, M., Ito, Y., & Hirano, T. (2007) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.e507 · Cited by 33
Addition of glucose to a fatty meal delays chylomicrons and suppresses VLDL in healthy subjects
Westphal, S., Leodolter, A., Kahl, S., Dierkes, J., Malfertheiner, P., & Luley, C. H. (2002) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.00978.x · Cited by 33
Adiposity, insulin and lipid metabolism in post-menopausal women
Lovegrove, J. A., Silva, K., Wright, J., & Williams, C. M. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801963 · Cited by 33
Importance and Management of Dyslipidemia in the Metabolic Syndrome
Menuet, R., Lavie, C. J., & Milani, R. V. (2005) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-200512000-00007 · Cited by 33
Beneficial effect of gemfibrozil on the chemical composition and oxidative susceptibility of low density lipoprotein: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study
Yoshida, H., Ishikawa, T., Ayaori, M., Shige, H., Ito, T., Suzukawa, M., & Nakamura, H. (1998) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00062-8 · Cited by 33
“The plasma lipoprotein profile characterized by a predominance of small, dense LDL particles, which has been designated LDL subclass pattern B, is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) [1,2].”
Background
Insulin Resistance, Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia, and Coronary Heart Disease: Syndrome X Revisited
Reaven, G. M. (2001) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp070238 · Cited by 32
Pharmacological rationale for the very early treatment of acute coronary syndrome with monoclonal antibodies anti-PCSK9
Ferri, N., Ruscica, M., Lupo, M. G., Vicenzi, M., Sirtori, C. R., & Corsini, A. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106439 · Cited by 32
Prevalence of LDL atherogenic phenotype in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Olusi, S. O., & George (2011) · Vascular Health and Risk Management · doi:10.2147/vhrm.s17015 · Cited by 32
An In Vitro and Molecular Informatics Study to Evaluate the Antioxidative and β‐hydroxy‐β‐methylglutaryl‐CoA Reductase Inhibitory Property of Ficus virens Ait
Iqbal, D., Khan, M. S., Khan, M. S., Ahmad, S., & Srivastava, A. K. (2013) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.5077 · Cited by 32
“…with marked increase in total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol with a decrease in high density lipoprotein (Austin et al., 1990). β-hydroxy-β-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR or HMG-CoA reductase) is the rate limiting enzyme in the cholesterol…”
Background
Circulating PCSK9 levels are positively correlated with NMR-assessed atherogenic dyslipidaemia in patients with high cardiovascular risk
Guardiola, M., Plana, N., Ibarretxe, D., Cabré, A., González, M., Ribalta, J., & Masana, L. (2015) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs20140832 · Cited by 36
Familial Dyslipidaemic Hypertension and Other Multiple Metabolic Syndromes
Williams, R. R., Hopkins, P. N., Hunt, S. C., Schumacher, M. C., Elbein, S. C., Wilson, D. E., Stults, B. M., Wu, L., Hasstedt, S. J., & Lalouel, J.-M. (1992) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899209166998 · Cited by 32
Linkage analysis of low‐density lipoprotein subclass phenotypes and the apolipoprotein B gene
Labelle, M., Austin, M. A., Rubin, E. M., Krauss, R. M., & Vogler, G. P. (1991) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.1370080407 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Clinical significance of small dense low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement in type 2 diabetes
Hirano, T. (2025) · Journal of Diabetes Investigation · doi:10.1111/jdi.14398 · Cited by 36
“…used gradient gel electrophoresis to measure LDL particle size and de ﬁ ned particles with an average diameter of 25.5 nm as sdLDL. Individuals with a predominance of these small particles were shown to have a threefold higher incidence of CAD than individuals with larger LDL particles 13 .”
Influential
Statins in chronic kidney disease and kidney transplantation
Kassimatis, T. I., & Goldsmith, D. J. A. (2014) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2014.06.011 · Cited by 32
The Changing Roles of Dietary Carbohydrates
Griel, A. E., Ruder, E. H., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2006) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000233384.97125.bd · Cited by 31
Abnormal cholesterol distribution among lipoprotein fractions in normolipidemic patients with mild NIDDM
Abate, N. I. (1995) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(95)05597-p · Cited by 31
Genetic factors associated with response of LDL subfractions to change in the nature of dietary fat
Wallace, A. J., Humphries, S. E., Fisher, R. M., Mann, J. I., Chisholm, A. W., & Sutherland, W. H. F. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00328-7 · Cited by 31
I405V polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene in young and very old people
Vergani, C., Lucchi, T. A., Caloni, M., Ceconi, I., Calabresi, C., Scurati, S., & Arosio, B. (2005) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2005.10.008 · Cited by 31
“Young people with the V/V genotype had a less atherogenic lipoprotein profile (lower total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, Apo B, and Apo B/Apo A-I ratio) than those with the I/V or I/I genotypes.”
BackgroundInfluential
Low-density lipoprotein subclasses: mechanisms of formation and modulation
Griffin, B. A. (1997) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1079/pns19970069 · Cited by 31
Long-term effects of fish oil on lipoprotein subfractions and low density lipoprotein size in non-insulin-dependent diabetic patients with hypertriglyceridemia
Patti, L., Maffettone, A., Iovine, C., Marino, L., Annuzzi, G., Riccardi, G., & Rivellese, A. A. (1999) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00149-5 · Cited by 31
“Since plasma triglyceride levels are among the main determinants of the formation of smaller LDL [1,14,15], it is reasonable to believe that fish oil could also decrease the concentration of smaller LDL.”
Background
Abnormalities of low density lipoproteins in normolipidemic type II diabetic and nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease.
Tilly-Kiesi, M., Syvänne, M., Kuusi, T., Lahdenperä, S., & Taskinen, M. (1992) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41523-8 · Cited by 31
Linkage analysis of candidate genes and the small, dense low-density lipoprotein phenotype
Austin, M. A., Stephens, K. G., Walden, C. E., & Wijsman, E. M. (1999) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00193-2 · Cited by 31
Self-citation
Advanced lipoprotein testing for cardiovascular diseases risk assessment: a review of the novel approaches in lipoprotein profiling
Clouet-Foraison, N., Gaie-Levrel, F., Gillery, P., & Delatour, V. (2017) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2017-0091 · Cited by 30
The Effect of Fenugreek in Type 2 Diabetes and Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Kim, J., Noh, W., Kim, A., Choi, Y., & Kim, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241813999 · Cited by 44
“By examining the lipid profile as an outcome, we intended to prove the efficacy of fenugreek in managing lipid profiles associated with diabetic complications.”
Background
Determinants and clinical significance of plasma oxidized LDLs in older individuals. A 9 years follow-up study
Zuliani, G., Morieri, M. L., Volpato, S., Vigna, G. B., Bosi, C., Maggio, M. G., Cherubini, A., Bandinelli, S., Guralnik, J. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2012) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.10.028 · Cited by 30
“It is known that high TG values are strongly associated with the presence of small, dense LDL particles, the “pattern B” LDLs (28).”
Background
Diabetes and dyslipidemia
Ginsberg, H. N., & Tuck, C. H. (2001) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-001-0017-7 · Cited by 30
Effect of carbohydrate-restricted dietary interventions on LDL particle size and number in adults in the context of weight loss or weight maintenance: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Falkenhain, K., Roach, L. A., McCreary, S., McArthur, E., Weiss, E. J., François, M. E., & Little, J. P. (2021) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqab212 · Cited by 36
Effect of ezetimibe on low-density lipoprotein subtype distribution: results of a placebo-controlled, double-blind trial in patients treated by regular low-density lipoprotein apheresis and statins
Geiss, H. C., Otto, C., & Parhofer, K. G. (2006) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.11.015 · Cited by 30
Impact of Fenofibrate on Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Features of the Metabolic Syndrome: Subgroup Analysis From FIELD
Hermans, M. P. (2010) · Current Cardiology Reviews · doi:10.2174/157340310791162686 · Cited by 30
“These abnormalities are the hallmark of many insulin-resistant states, such as the metabolic syndrome and the common form of type 2 diabetes [11, 12].”
Background
VLDL compositional changes and plasma levels of triglycerides and high density lipoprotein
Brites, F. D., Bonavita, C. D., Cloës, M., Yael, M. J., Fruchart, J., Castro, G. R., & Wikinski, R. L. W. (1998) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(97)00193-9 · Cited by 30
Cardiovascular risk factors and LDL subfraction profile in Type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with good glycaemic control
Tan, C., Chew, L. S., Chio, L. F., Tai, E. S., Lim, H., Lim, S. C., Jayakumar, L., Eng, H. K., & Packard, C. J. (2001) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(00)00211-4 · Cited by 30
The Role of Risk Factors in the Development of Atherosclerosis
Frohlich, J. J., Dobiášová, M., Lear, S. A., & Lee, K. W. J. (2001) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/20014091084245 · Cited by 30
Higher Triglycerides, Lower High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, and Higher Systolic Blood Pressure in Lipoprotein Lipase–Deficient Heterozygotes
Sprecher, D. L., Harris, B. V., Stein, E. A., Bellet, P. S., Keilson, L., & Simbartl, L. A. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.12.3239 · Cited by 30
Sialic Acid Content of LDL in Coronary Artery Disease: No Evidence of Desialylation in Subjects With Coronary Stenosis and Increased Levels in Subjects With Extensive Atherosclerosis and Acute Myocardial Infarction
Chappey, B., Beyssen, B. M., Foos, E., Ledru, F., Guermonprez, J. L., Gaux, J. C., & Myara, I. (1998) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.18.6.876 · Cited by 30
Analytical capillary isotachophoresis of total plasma lipoproteins: a new tool to identify atherogenic low density lipoproteins
Bittolo-Bon, G., & Cazzolato, G. (1999) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)33353-8 · Cited by 30
Acute and delayed effects of prolonged exercise on serum lipoproteins
Frey, I., Baumstark, M. W., & Berg, A. (1993) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00634303 · Cited by 30
Prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia in primary care patients at moderate-very high risk of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular risk perception
Plana, N., Ibarretxe, D., Cabré, A., Ruiz, E., & Masana, L. (2014) · Clínica e Investigación en Arteriosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.arteri.2014.04.002 · Cited by 29
Prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia: Association with risk factors and cardiovascular risk in Spanish working population. "ICARIA" study
Cabrera, M., Sánchez-Chaparro, M. Á., Valdivielso, P., Quevedo-Aguado, L., Catalina-Romero, C., Fernández-Labandera, C., Ruiz-Moraga, M., González‐Santos, P., & Calvo‐Bonacho, E. (2014) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.05.960 · Cited by 29
The Oxidized Lipoproteins In Vivo: Its Diversity and Behavior in the Human Circulation
Itabe, H., & Obama, T. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065747 · Cited by 29
“reported that LDLs could be separated into more than two subfractions with different diameters by non-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [24].”
Method
The therapeutic modulation of atherogenic dyslipidemia and inflammatory markers in the metabolic syndrome: what is the clinical relevance?
Rizzo, M., Rizvi, A. A., Rini, G. B., & Berneis, K. K. (2008) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-008-0057-4 · Cited by 29
“greater cardiovascular risk [40, 41] (Fig.”

Authors: Austin, M. A., King, M. C., Vranizan, K. M., & Krauss, R. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: King, M C
Krauss, R M
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1990-08
Volume: 82
Issue: 2
Pages: 495-506
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495
OpenAlex: W2089286420
Cited by: 1,411
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 47.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC03-?, AC03-76SF00098, DEAC03-76SF00098)
National Institutes of Health (7r29hl038760-03, 5p01hl018574-26, DE-AC03- 76SF00098)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL38760, HL-18574)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, LDL subclasses, low-density lipoprotein, coronary heart disease risk, genetic markers, single-gene inheritance, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, HDL cholesterol, HDL2, triglycerides, VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Arteriosclerosis, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Mapping, Coronary Disease, Female, Genetic Markers, Humans, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Multivariate Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks