Cited by 1,411Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthLipid metabolism and disordersDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk

Open access

Austin, M A, King, M C, Vranizan, K M, Krauss, R M·1990·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

In a community-based study of 301 subjects from 61 nuclear families, two distinct phenotypes (denoted A and B) were identified by nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoretic analysis of low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses. Phenotype A was characterized by predominance of large, buoyant LDL particles, and phenotype B consisted of a major peak of small, dense LDL particles. Previous analysis of the family data by complex segregation analysis demonstrated that these phenotypes appear to be inherited as a single-gene trait. In the present study, the phenotypes were found to be closely associated with variations in plasma levels of other lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein measurements. Specifically, phenotype B was associated with increases in plasma levels of triglyceride and apolipoprotein B, with mass of very low and intermediate density lipoproteins, and with decreases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL2 mass, and plasma levels of apolipoprotein A-I. Thus, the proposed genetic locus responsible for LDL subclass phenotypes also results in an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495

Cites

66 of 66 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design
Myers, J. L., & Winer, B. J. (1964) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419292 · Cited by 8,111
A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis
Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3513311 · Cited by 5,703
Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume I - The analysis of case-control studies.
Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 4,895
The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis — An Update
Ross, R. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198602203140806 · Cited by 4,885
Applied linear statistical models : regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. (1974) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 2,818
PLASMA-HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ISCHÆMIC HEART-DISEASE
Miller, G. J., & Miller, N. E. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92376-4 · Cited by 2,621
Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease and Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
Castelli, W. P. (1986) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.256.20.2835 · Cited by 2,512
The analysis of case-control studies
Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980) · International Agency for Research on Cancer eBooks · Cited by 2,415

Show all 63 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

Lipid Research Clinics Program: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial: I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984;251:351-364
Heiss G, Tyroler HA: Are apolipoproteins useful for evaluat- ing ischemic heart disease? A brief overview of the literature, in Lippel K (ed): Proceeding ofthe Workshop on Apolipoprotein Quantification. National Institutes of Health publication No. (NIH) 83-1266, 1983, pp 7-19
Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Williams PT, Kelsy SF, Brensike J, Vranizan K, Detre KM, Levy RI: Intermediate density lipo- proteins and coronary artery disease progression in hypercho- lesterolemic men. Lancet 1987;2:62-66
Ernst N, Fisher M, Smith W, Gordon W, Rifkind BM, Little JA, Mishkel MA, Williams DO: The association of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with dietary intake and alcohol consumption: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation: 1980;62:41-52
Lindgren FT, Jensen LC, Hatch FT: The isolation and quan- titative analysis of serum lipoproteins, in Nelson GJ (ed): Blood Lipids and Lipoproteins. New York, Wiley Interscience, 1972, pp 181-274
Morton NE, Rao DC, Lalouel JM: Methods in genetic epi- demiology, in Klingberg MA (ed): Contributions to Epidemiol- ogy and Biostatistics. Basel, Karger, vol 4, 1983, pp 62-102
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG: Statistical Methods, ed 6. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1967
SAS Users Guide: Basics, Version 5 Edition.
SAS User Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition.
Criqui MH, Heiss G, Cohn R, Cowan LD, Suchindran CM, Bangeiwaia S: Triglyceride and Coronary Heart Disease Mortal- ity. The Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study presented at the American Heart Association 27th Conference on Cardio- vascular Disease Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, NC, 1987
Steiner G, Schwartz L, Shumak S, Poapst M: The association of increased levels of intermediate density lipoproteins with smoking and coronary heart disease. Circulation 1987; 75:124-130
Swinkels DW, Demacker PNM, Hendricks JCM, van t'Laar A: Low density lipoprotein subfractions and relationship to other risk factors in healthy individuals. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9:604-613
Krauss RM, Albers JJ, Brunzell JD: An apolipoprotein B- enriched low density lipoprotein subspecies in familial com- bined hyperlipidemia. Clin Res 1983;31:503a

Sorted by citations

Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome
Wajchenberg, B. L. (2000) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv.21.6.0415 · Cited by 2,961
“The presence of an increased proportion of small, dense LDL particles has been related to an increased risk for coronary heart disease (301).”
Background
Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update
Tchernof, A., & Després, J.-P. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2011 · Cited by 2,583
“The combination of high triglyceride, low HDL cholesterol levels and small, dense LDL particles has been termed the “atherogenic lipid triad”; it has been recognized as a major CVD risk factor (17, 18, 196, 198).”
Background
The Metabolic Syndrome
Cornier, M.-A., Dabelea, D., Hernandez, T. L., Lindstrom, R. C., Steig, A. J., Stob, N. R., Van Pelt, R. E., Wang, H., & Eckel, R. H. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2008-0024 · Cited by 2,162
“Evidence supports an association of small dense LDL-C with CVD (163, 164).”
Background
Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies
Hokanson, J. E., & Austin, M. A. (1996) · Journal of Cardiovascular Risk · doi:10.1097/00043798-199604000-00014 · Cited by 1,706
Self-citation
Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: pathophysiological, genetic, and therapeutic insights: a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel
Borén, J., Chapman, M. J., Krauss, R. M., Packard, C. J., Bentzon, J. F., Binder, C. J., Daemen, M. J., Demer, L. L., Hegele, R. A., Nicholls, S. J., et al. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz962 · Cited by 1,601
Self-citation
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association
Grundy, S. M., Benjamin, I. J., Burke, G. L., Chait, A., Eckel, R. H., Howard, B. V., Mitch, W., Smith, S. C., & Sowers, J. R. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.10.1134 · Cited by 2,698
The Response-to-Retention Hypothesis of Early Atherogenesis
Williams, K. J., & Tabas, I. (1995) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.15.5.551 · Cited by 1,413
Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease
Ginsberg, H. N. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci10762 · Cited by 1,372
Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk by Use of Multiple-Risk-Factor Assessment Equations: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology
Grundy, S. M., Pasternak, R., Greenland, P., Smith, S., & Fuster, V. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.100.13.1481 · Cited by 1,315
The Metabolic Syndrome
Grundy, S. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-5839-6_1 · Cited by 1,227
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology guidelines for management of dyslipidemia and prevention of cardiovascular disease
Jellinger, P. S., Handelsman, Y., Rosenblit, P. D., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Fonseca, V. A., Garber, A. J., Grunberger, G., Guerin, C. K., Bell, D. S. H., Mechanick, J. I., et al. (2017) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep171764.appgl · Cited by 1,094
Small, Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles as a Predictor of the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease in Men: Prospective Results From the Que´bec Cardiovascular Study
Lamarche, B., Tchernof, A., Moorjani, S., Cantin, B., Dagenais, G. R., Lupien, P. J., & Despre´s, J.-P. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.69 · Cited by 1,077
Hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor
Austin, M. A., Hokanson, J. E., & Edwards, K. L. (1998) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00031-9 · Cited by 1,066
Self-citation
Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women with the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Consensus Statement by the Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (AE-PCOS) Society
Wild, R. A., Carmina, E., Diamanti-Kandarakis, E., Dokras, A., Escobar-Morreale, H. F., Futterweit, W., Lobo, R., Norman, R. J., Talbott, E., & Dumesic, D. A. (2010) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-2724 · Cited by 1,010
Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and their remnants: metabolic insights, role in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, and emerging therapeutic strategies—a consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society
Ginsberg, H. N., Packard, C. J., Chapman, M. J., Borén, J., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Averna, M., Ference, B. A., Gaudet, D., Hegele, R. A., Kersten, S., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab551 · Cited by 979
“…10–13 but it is less widely appreciated that fasting levels from as low as (cid:2) 1.2 mmol/L ( (cid:2) 100 mg/dL) can be associated with a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that include accumulation of TRL and remnants, 14 as well as increased cardiovascular disease events 15,16 ( Figure 1 ).”
BackgroundInfluential
Untitled work
Greenland (2000) · doi:10.1161/01.cir.101.1.e16 · Cited by 924
Metabolic origins and clinical significance of LDL heterogeneity
Berneis, K. K., & Krauss, R. M. (2002) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r200004-jlr200 · Cited by 896
“LDL subclass pattern B, is 30–35% in adult men, but is much lower (5–10%) in males 20 years and in premenopausal women (131, 133), and is intermediate (15–25%)”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Evaluation and Treatment of Hypertriglyceridemia: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline
Berglund, L., Brunzell, J. D., Goldberg, A. C., Goldberg, I. J., Sacks, F., Murad, M. H., & Stalenhoef, A. F. H. (2012) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-3213 · Cited by 887
“Epidemiological studies vary as to the independent association between large or small LDL and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (30).”
Association of Small Low-Density Lipoprotein Particles With the Incidence of Coronary Artery Disease in Men and Women
Gardner, C. D. (1996) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540110029028 · Cited by 843
Overproduction of very low-density lipoproteins is the hallmark of the dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome
Adiels, M., Olofsson, S.-O., Taskinen, M.-R., & Borén, J. (2008) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.107.160192 · Cited by 820
Health implications of obesity
Pi-Sunyer, F. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/53.6.1595s · Cited by 807
Lipids and Lipoproteins in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Krauss, R. M. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.6.1496 · Cited by 764
Self-citation
Lipoprotein Particle Analysis by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Jeyarajah, E. J., Cromwell, W. C., & Otvos, J. D. (2006) · Clinics in Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cll.2006.07.006 · Cited by 734
Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease
Austin, M. A. (1991) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.11.1.2 · Cited by 697
Self-citation
Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in individuals with small, dense low density lipoprotein particles.
Reaven, G. M., Chen, Y. I., Jeppesen, J., Maheux, P., & Krauss, R. M. (1993) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci116541 · Cited by 687
Self-citation
Non–High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Level as a Predictor of Cardiovascular Disease Mortality
Cui, Y. A., Blumenthal, R. S., Flaws, J. A., Whiteman, M. K., LANGENBERG, P. W., Bachorik, P. S., & Bush, T. L. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.11.1413 · Cited by 657
Sex Differences in Coronary Heart Disease
Barrett-Connor, E. L. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.252 · Cited by 648
Metabolically healthy obesity: facts and fantasies
Smith, G. I., Mittendorfer, B., & Klein, S. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci129186 · Cited by 677
Impact of triglyceride levels beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after acute coronary syndrome in the PROVE IT-TIMI 22 trial
Miller, M., Cannon, C. P., Murphy, S. A., Qin, J., Ray, K. K., & Braunwald, E. (2008) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2007.10.038 · Cited by 610
Primary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease: Guidance From Framingham: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the AHA Task Force on Risk Reduction
Grundy, S. M., Balady, G. J., Criqui, M. H., Fletcher, G., Greenland, P., Hiratzka, L. F., Houston-Miller, N., Kris-Etherton, P., Krumholz, H. M., LaRosa, J., et al. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1876 · Cited by 609
Dietary fructose: implications for dysregulation of energy homeostasis and lipid/carbohydrate metabolism.
Havel, P. J. (2005) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2005.tb00132.x · Cited by 607
Effects of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes on Lipoprotein Subclass Particle Size and Concentration Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Garvey, W. T., Kwon, S., Zheng, D., Shaughnessy, S., Wallace, P., Hutto, A. C., Pugh, K. B., Jenkins, A. J., Klein, R. L., & Liao, Y. (2003) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.52.2.453 · Cited by 604
Effects of Fenofibrate Treatment on Cardiovascular Disease Risk in 9,795 Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Various Components of the Metabolic Syndrome
Scott, R., O'Brien, R., Fulcher, G., Pardy, C., d'Emden, M., Tse, D., Taskinen, M.-R., Ehnholm, C., Keech, A., & on behalf of the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) Study Investigators (2009) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc08-1543 · Cited by 551
“ies (8,14), presumably reflecting a tendency for high nonfasting triglyceride levels and higher numbers of remnant particles and may be associated with more extreme abnormalities in other biological processes (such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and hypercoagulability), leading to more aggressive atherosclerosis (…”
Background
Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B
Chait, A., Brazg, R., Tribble, D. L., & Krauss, R. M. (1993) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(93)90144-e · Cited by 554
Self-citation
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Dyslipidemia
Hirano, T. (2018) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.rv17023 · Cited by 552
Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association
Bays, H. E., Toth, P. P., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Abate, N., Aronne, L. J., Brown, W. V., Gonzalez-Campoy, J. M., Jones, S. R., Kumar, R., La Forge, R., et al. (2013) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2013.04.001 · Cited by 521
“100 mg/dL, well below the range accepted as abnormal in the current guidelines.(72) Reduced activity of LPL in the setting of adiposity and insulin resistance frequently leads to varying degrees of incomplete metabolism and clearance of postprandial chylomicrons and high residual concentrations of chylomicron remnant…”
Background
Hypertriglyceridemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome
Grundy, S. M. (1998) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00033-2 · Cited by 525
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists' Guidelines for Management of Dyslipidemia and Prevention of Atherosclerosis
Jellinger, P. S., Smith, D. A., Mehta, A., Ganda, O. P., Handelsman, Y., Rodbard, H. W., Shepherd, M. D., & Seibel, J. A. (2012) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.18.s1.1 · Cited by 533
Circulating Oxidized LDL Is a Useful Marker for Identifying Patients With Coronary Artery Disease
Holvoet, P., Mertens, A. C., Verhamme, P. B., Bogaerts, K., Beyens, G., Verhaeghe, R., Collen, D., Muls, E., & de Werf, F. V. (2001) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.21.5.844 · Cited by 530
Role of plasma triglyceride in the regulation of plasma low density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions: relative contribution of small, dense LDL to coronary heart disease risk
Griffin, B. A., Freeman, D. J., Tait, G. W., Thomson, J., Caslake, M. J., Packard, C. J., & Shepherd, J. (1994) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)90129-5 · Cited by 525
Structure of apolipoprotein B-100 in low density lipoproteins
Segrest, J. P., Jones, M. K., Loof, H. D., & Dashti, N. (2001) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)30267-4 · Cited by 532
Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol Concentrations Predict Risk for Coronary Heart Disease: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
Hoogeveen, R. C., Gaubatz, J. W., Sun, W., Dodge, R. C., Crosby, J. R., Jiang, J., Couper, D., Virani, S. S., Kathiresan, S., Boerwinkle, E., et al. (2014) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.114.303284 · Cited by 507
“sdLDL particles.(11) This classification schema has been widely used, and pattern B has been recognized as a risk marker for cardiovascular disease.”
Background
Atherogenic Lipoprotein Particles in Atherosclerosis
Carmena, R., Duriez, P., & Fruchart, J.-C. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000131511.50734.44 · Cited by 494
Abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome: importance of type 2 diabetes and familial combined hyperlipidemia in coronary artery disease risk.
Carr, M. C., & Brunzell, J. D. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0432 · Cited by 493
Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men: the Quebec Cardiovascular Study.
Lemieux, I., Lamarche, B., Couillard, C., Pascot, A., Cantin, B., Bergeron, J., Dagenais, G., & Despres, J. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.22.2685 · Cited by 551
Postprandial lipoproteins and progression of coronary atherosclerosis
Karpe, F., Steiner, G. A., Uffelman, K. D., Olivecrona, T., & Hamsten, A. (1994) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(94)90085-x · Cited by 485
Apolipoprotein A-I and B Levels and the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease During a Five-Year Follow-up of Men in the Que´bec Cardiovascular Study
Lamarche, B., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., Cantin, B., Bernard, P.-M., Dagenais, G. R., & Despre´s, J.-P. (1996) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.94.3.273 · Cited by 476
Effect of Excessive Weight Gain With Intensive Therapy of Type 1 Diabetes on Lipid Levels and Blood Pressure: Results From the DCCT
Purnell, J. Q., Hokanson, J. E., Marcovina, S. M., Steffes, M. W., Cleary, P. A., & Brunzell, J. D. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.2.140 · Cited by 469
The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in patients with dyslipidemia
Fruchart, J.-C., Sacks, F., Hermans, M. P., Assmann, G., Brown, W. V., Ceska, R., Chapman, M. J., Dodson, P. M., Fioretto, P., Ginsberg, H. N., et al. (2008) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.10.002 · Cited by 463
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in South Asians in the United States: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Treatments: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association
Volgman, A. S., Palaniappan, L. S., Aggarwal, N. T., Gupta, M., Khandelwal, A., Krishnan, A. V., Lichtman, J. H., Mehta, L. S., Patel, H. N., Shah, K. S., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000580 · Cited by 552
New insights into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes
Taskinen, M.-R., & Borén, J. (2015) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.039 · Cited by 440
NASH: a mitochondrial disease
Pessayre, D., & Fromenty, B. (2005) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.03.004 · Cited by 441
“Similarly, plasma very low density lipoproteins and triglycerides can be increased in insulin-resistant patients [64,65].”
Background
Small LDL, Atherogenic Dyslipidemia, and the Metabolic Syndrome
Grundy, S. M. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.1.1 · Cited by 402
Lipoprotein Heterogeneity and Apolipoprotein B Metabolism
Packard, C. J., & Shepherd, J. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.12.3542 · Cited by 408
Assessment of cardiovascular risk by use of multiple-risk-factor assessment equations
Grundy, S. M., Pasternak, R. C., Greenland, P., Smith, S. C., & Fuster, V. (1999) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(99)00387-3 · Cited by 403
“levels) (78,86), elevated blood pressure, a prothrombotic”
Association of early-onset coronary heart disease in South Asian men with glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinemia.
McKeigue, P., Ferrie, J. E., Pierpoint, T., & Marmot, M. G. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.87.1.152 · Cited by 361
Lipoprotein metabolism and lipid management in chronic kidney disease
Kwan, B. C. H., Kronenberg, F., Beddhu, S., & Cheung, A. K. (2007) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2006091006 · Cited by 354
Epidemiology of triglycerides: A view from Framingham
Castelli, W. P. (1992) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)91083-g · Cited by 346
Lipids, risk factors and ischaemic heart disease
Castelli, W. P. (1996) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(96)05851-0 · Cited by 337
Association of apo B lipoproteins with arterial proteoglycans: Pathological significance and molecular basis
Camejo, G., Hurt‐Camejo, E., Wiklund, O., & Bondjers, G. (1998) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(98)00107-5 · Cited by 334
Separate effects of reduced carbohydrate intake and weight loss on atherogenic dyslipidemia
Krauss, R. M., Blanche, P. J., Rawlings, R. S., Fernstrom, H. S., & Williams, P. T. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1025 · Cited by 321
Self-citation
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia: Cardiovascular Risk and Dietary Intervention
Musunuru, K. (2010) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3408-1 · Cited by 318
“Family-based segregation analyses suggest that the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype has a strong genetic basis that likely reflects contributions from numerous genes [14, 25, 26].”
Background
Increased Small Low-Density Lipoprotein Particle Number
Kathiresan, S., Otvos, J. D., SULLIVAN, L. M., Keyes, M. J., Schaefer, E. J., Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Vasan, R. S., & Robins, S. J. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.567107 · Cited by 318
A ketogenic diet favorably affects serum biomarkers for cardiovascular disease in normal-weight men
Sharman, M. J., Kraemer, W. J., Love, D. M., Avery, N. G., Gómez, A. L., Scheett, T. P., & Volek, J. S. (2002) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/132.7.1879 · Cited by 312
Dyslipidaemia
Durrington, P. N. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14234-1 · Cited by 316
LDL subclass phenotypes and triglyceride metabolism in non-insulin-dependent diabetes.
Feingold, K. R., Grünfeld, C., Pang, M., Doerrler, W. T., & Krauss, R. M. (1992) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.12.12.1496 · Cited by 302
Self-citation
Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes From Population to Man to Mechanisms
Laakso, M. (2010) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0749 · Cited by 306
“An increased number of LDL particles might contribute to atherogenesis (39).”
Background
Relations of lipoprotein subclass levels and low-density lipoprotein size to progression of coronary artery disease in the pravastatin limitation of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries (PLAC-I) trial
Rosenson, R. S., Otvos, J. D., & Freedman, D. S. (2002) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(02)02427-x · Cited by 293
Association of plasma triglyceride concentration and LDL particle diameter, density, and chemical composition with premature coronary artery disease in men and women
Coresh, J., Kwiterovich, P., Smith, H., & Bachorik, P. S. (1993) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)35731-x · Cited by 290
Complications and challenges associated with polycystic ovary syndrome: current perspectives
Palomba, S., Santagni, S., Falbo, A., & La Sala, G. B. (2015) · International Journal of Women's Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s70314 · Cited by 287
Prevalence of coronary artery disease in Asian Indians
Enas, E. A., Yusuf, S., & Mehta, J. L. (1992) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(92)90744-j · Cited by 285
Effects of Diet and Physical Activity on Adiposity and Body Fat Distribution: Implications for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Després, J., & Lamarche, B. (1993) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1079/nrr19930010 · Cited by 273
“However, increased concentrations of small, dense, cholesterol-depleted LDL particles have been frequently observed in coronary artery disease patients (Austin et al. 1988, 1990).”
European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice Third Joint Task Force of European and other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of eight societies and by invited experts)
Backer, G. D., Ambrosioni, E., Broch-Johnsen, K., Brotons, C., Cífková, R., Dallongeville, J., Ebrahim, S. B. J., Færgeman, O., Graham, I. D., Mancia, G., et al. (2003) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/00149831-200312001-00001 · Cited by 273
Lipoprotein subfractions and cardiovascular disease risk
Krauss, R. M. (2010) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e32833b7756 · Cited by 272
Self-citation
The metabolic pathways of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides: a current review
Kwiterovich, P. O. (2000) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(00)01461-2 · Cited by 270
Comorbidities of overweight and obesity: current evidence and research issues
Pi-Sunyer, X. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199911001-00019 · Cited by 274
Development of a Rapid, Quantitative Method for LDL Subfractionation with Use of the Quantimetrix Lipoprint LDL System
Hoefner, D. M., Hodel, S. D., O’Brien, J. F., Branum, E. L., Sun, D. H., Meissner, I., & McConnell, J. P. (2001) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/47.2.266 · Cited by 266
Evidence for a New Pathophysiological Mechanism for Coronary Artery Disease Regression: Hepatic Lipase–Mediated Changes in LDL Density
Zambon, A., Hokanson, J. E., Brown, B. G., & Brunzell, J. D. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.15.1959 · Cited by 263
The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidaemic patients
Fruchart, J.-C., Sacks, F. M., Hermans, M. P., Assmann, G., Brown, W. V., Ceska, R., Chapman, M. J., Dodson, P. M., Fioretto, P., Ginsberg, H. N., et al. (2008) · Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research · doi:10.3132/dvdr.2008.046 · Cited by 260
“Atherogenic dyslipidaemia, characterised by elevated triglycerides (TG) and a low plasma concentration of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, often with elevated apolipoprotein B (apoB) and non-HDL cholesterol, is prevalent in patients with type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome and/or established CVD (table 1).(…”
Background
Insulin resistance and lipid metabolism
Howard, B. V. (1999) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(99)00355-0 · Cited by 269
Low-density lipoprotein size and cardiovascular risk assessment
Rizzo, M., & Berneis, K. K. (2005) · QJM · doi:10.1093/qjmed/hci154 · Cited by 259
“In some studies, common features of peripheral arterial disease are represented by increased triglyceride levels and lower HDL cholesterol concentrations,(42) and patients with such lipid abnormalities mostly have atherogenic small, dense LDL particles.(6,86) The association between carotid disease and small, dense LD…”
Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Després, J., & Marette, A. (1999) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-716-1_4 · Cited by 254
Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein profile in men with ischemic stroke. Role of lipoprotein(a), triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, and apolipoprotein E polymorphism.
Pedro‐Botet, J., Sentı́, M., Nogués, X., Rubiés-Prat, J., Roquer, J., D'Olhaberriague, L., & Olivé, J. (1992) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.23.11.1556 · Cited by 245
Low-Density Lipoprotein Size and Cardiovascular Disease: A Reappraisal
Sacks, F. M., & Campos, H. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030636 · Cited by 241
Equivalent efficacy of a time-release form of niacin (Niaspan) given once-a-night versus plain niacin in the management of hyperlipidemia
Knopp, R. H., Davidson, M., Goldberg, A. C., Kafonek, S. D., Kashyap, M. L., Sprecher, D. L., Superko, H. R., Jenkins, S. H., & Marcovina, S. (1998) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(98)90284-0 · Cited by 240
Apolipoprotein B metabolism and the distribution of VLDL and LDL subfractions
Packard, C. J., Demant, T., Stewart, J., Bedford, D. K., CASLAKE, M. J., Schwertfeger, G., Bedynek, A., Shepherd, J., & Seidel, D. (2000) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32065-4 · Cited by 240
Influence of plasma lipid and LDL-subfraction profile on the interaction between low density lipoprotein with human arterial wall proteoglycans
Anber, V., Griffin, B. A., McConnell, M., Packard, C. J., & Shepherd, J. (1996) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/0021-9150(96)05842-x · Cited by 237
LDL subclass phenotypes and the insulin resistance syndrome in women.
Selby, J. V., Austin, M. A., Newman, B. M., Zhang, D., Quesenberry, C. P., Mayer, E. J., & Krauss, R. M. (1993) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.88.2.381 · Cited by 237
Self-citation
Insulin resistance and coronary heart disease in nondiabetic individuals
Reaven, G. (2012) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.111.241885 · Cited by 227
“Analysis of LDL particle size distribution has identified multiple distinct LDL subclasses.46 This has led to the characterization of individuals as having a predominance of either larger LDL particles (diameter >255 Å, pattern A) or smaller LDL particles ( 255 Å, pattern B) particles, and persons with pattern B are a…”
Background
Thematic review series: The Immune System and Atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease?
Chait, A., Han, C. Y., Oram, J. F., & Heinecke, J. W. (2005) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.r400017-jlr200 · Cited by 236
Small dense low density lipoprotein has increased affinity for LDL receptor-independent cell surface binding sites: a potential mechanism for increased atherogenicity
Galeano, N. F., Al-Haideri, M. T., Keyserman, F., Rumsey, S. C., & Deckelbaum, R. J. (1998) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32551-7 · Cited by 229
Atherosclerosis Pathophysiology and the Role of Novel Risk Factors: A Clinicobiochemical Perspective
Mallika, V., Goswami, B., & Rajappa, M. (2007) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/0003319707303443 · Cited by 229
LDL particle size distribution. Results from the Framingham Offspring Study.
Campos, H., Blijlevens, E., McNamara, J. R., Ordovas, J. M., Posner, B. M., Wilson, P. W., Castelli, W. P., & Schaefer, E. J. (1992) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.12.12.1410 · Cited by 158
Atherogenicity of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins
Krauss, R. M. (1998) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00032-0 · Cited by 227
Self-citation
Apolipoprotein C-III and the Metabolic Basis for Hypertriglyceridemia and the Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein Phenotype
Zheng, C., Khoo, C., Furtado, J., & Sacks, F. M. (2010) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.875807 · Cited by 223
How Do Elevated Triglycerides and Low HDL-Cholesterol Affect Inflammation and Atherothrombosis?
Welty, F. K. (2013) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-013-0400-4 · Cited by 221
“7 mmol/L (150 mg/dL) [102]; therefore, there is no need to measure LDL particle size.”
Background
The fourth Musketeer ? from Alexandre Dumas to Claude Bernard
Reaven, G. M. (1995) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050247 · Cited by 219
Impact of obesity on cardiovascular disease
Zalesin, K. C., Franklin, B. A., Miller, W. M., Peterson, E. D., & McCullough, P. A. (2011) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2011.06.005 · Cited by 231
ApoE Polymorphism and Fish Oil Supplementation in Subjects With an Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype
Minihane, A. M., Khan, S., Leigh-Firbank, E. C., Talmud, P., Wright, J. W., Murphy, M. C., Griffin, B. A., & Williams, C. M. (2000) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.20.8.1990 · Cited by 215
Dietary carbohydrate restriction improves metabolic syndrome independent of weight loss
Hyde, P. N., Sapper, T. N., Crabtree, C. D., LaFountain, R. A., Bowling, M. L., Buga, A., Fell, B., McSwiney, F. T., Dickerson, R. M., Miller, V. J., et al. (2019) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.128308 · Cited by 210

Authors: Austin, M. A., King, M. C., Vranizan, K. M., & Krauss, R. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: King, M C
Krauss, R M
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1990-08
Volume: 82
Issue: 2
Pages: 495-506
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495
OpenAlex: W2089286420
Cited by: 1,411
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 47.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC03-?, AC03-76SF00098, DEAC03-76SF00098)
National Institutes of Health (7r29hl038760-03, 5p01hl018574-26, DE-AC03- 76SF00098)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL38760, HL-18574)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, LDL subclasses, low-density lipoprotein, coronary heart disease risk, genetic markers, single-gene inheritance, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, HDL cholesterol, HDL2, triglycerides, VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Arteriosclerosis, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Mapping, Coronary Disease, Female, Genetic Markers, Humans, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Multivariate Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks