Cited by 1,411Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular HealthLipid metabolism and disordersDiabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk

Open access

Austin, M A, King, M C, Vranizan, K M, Krauss, R M·1990·Circulation

DOI 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

In a community-based study of 301 subjects from 61 nuclear families, two distinct phenotypes (denoted A and B) were identified by nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoretic analysis of low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses. Phenotype A was characterized by predominance of large, buoyant LDL particles, and phenotype B consisted of a major peak of small, dense LDL particles. Previous analysis of the family data by complex segregation analysis demonstrated that these phenotypes appear to be inherited as a single-gene trait. In the present study, the phenotypes were found to be closely associated with variations in plasma levels of other lipid, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein measurements. Specifically, phenotype B was associated with increases in plasma levels of triglyceride and apolipoprotein B, with mass of very low and intermediate density lipoproteins, and with decreases in high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, HDL2 mass, and plasma levels of apolipoprotein A-I. Thus, the proposed genetic locus responsible for LDL subclass phenotypes also results in an atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495

Cites

66 of 66 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge
Friedewald, W. T., Levy, R. I., & Fredrickson, D. S. (1972) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/18.6.499 · Cited by 32,423
Statistical principles in experimental design.
Winer, B. J. (1962) · McGraw-Hill Book Company · doi:10.1037/11774-000 · Cited by 27,137
Statistical Principles in Experimental Design
Myers, J. L., & Winer, B. J. (1964) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419292 · Cited by 8,111
A Receptor-Mediated Pathway for Cholesterol Homeostasis
Brown, M. S., & Goldstein, J. L. (1986) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3513311 · Cited by 5,703
Statistical methods in cancer research. Volume I - The analysis of case-control studies.
Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980) · PubMed · Cited by 4,895
The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis — An Update
Ross, R. (1986) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198602203140806 · Cited by 4,885
Applied linear statistical models : regression, analysis of variance, and experimental designs
Neter, J., Wasserman, W., & Kutner, M. (1974) · Andalas University Repository (Andalas University) · Cited by 2,818
PLASMA-HIGH-DENSITY-LIPOPROTEIN CONCENTRATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ISCHÆMIC HEART-DISEASE
Miller, G. J., & Miller, N. E. (1975) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(75)92376-4 · Cited by 2,621
Incidence of Coronary Heart Disease and Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels
Castelli, W. P. (1986) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.256.20.2835 · Cited by 2,512
The analysis of case-control studies
Breslow, N. E., & Day, N. E. (1980) · International Agency for Research on Cancer eBooks · Cited by 2,415

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 63 references

Research works printed but not linked: 13

Lipid Research Clinics Program: The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial: I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 1984;251:351-364
Heiss G, Tyroler HA: Are apolipoproteins useful for evaluat- ing ischemic heart disease? A brief overview of the literature, in Lippel K (ed): Proceeding ofthe Workshop on Apolipoprotein Quantification. National Institutes of Health publication No. (NIH) 83-1266, 1983, pp 7-19
Krauss RM, Lindgren FT, Williams PT, Kelsy SF, Brensike J, Vranizan K, Detre KM, Levy RI: Intermediate density lipo- proteins and coronary artery disease progression in hypercho- lesterolemic men. Lancet 1987;2:62-66
Ernst N, Fisher M, Smith W, Gordon W, Rifkind BM, Little JA, Mishkel MA, Williams DO: The association of plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol with dietary intake and alcohol consumption: The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation: 1980;62:41-52
Lindgren FT, Jensen LC, Hatch FT: The isolation and quan- titative analysis of serum lipoproteins, in Nelson GJ (ed): Blood Lipids and Lipoproteins. New York, Wiley Interscience, 1972, pp 181-274
Morton NE, Rao DC, Lalouel JM: Methods in genetic epi- demiology, in Klingberg MA (ed): Contributions to Epidemiol- ogy and Biostatistics. Basel, Karger, vol 4, 1983, pp 62-102
Snedecor GW, Cochran WG: Statistical Methods, ed 6. Ames, Iowa, Iowa State University Press, 1967
SAS Users Guide: Basics, Version 5 Edition.
SAS User Guide: Statistics, Version 5 Edition.
Criqui MH, Heiss G, Cohn R, Cowan LD, Suchindran CM, Bangeiwaia S: Triglyceride and Coronary Heart Disease Mortal- ity. The Lipid Research Clinics Follow-up Study presented at the American Heart Association 27th Conference on Cardio- vascular Disease Epidemiology, Chapel Hill, NC, 1987
Steiner G, Schwartz L, Shumak S, Poapst M: The association of increased levels of intermediate density lipoproteins with smoking and coronary heart disease. Circulation 1987; 75:124-130
Swinkels DW, Demacker PNM, Hendricks JCM, van t'Laar A: Low density lipoprotein subfractions and relationship to other risk factors in healthy individuals. Arteriosclerosis 1989; 9:604-613
Krauss RM, Albers JJ, Brunzell JD: An apolipoprotein B- enriched low density lipoprotein subspecies in familial com- bined hyperlipidemia. Clin Res 1983;31:503a

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 1,000

Molecular structure of low density lipoprotein: current status and future challenges
Prassl, R., & Laggner, P. (2008) · European Biophysics Journal · doi:10.1007/s00249-008-0368-y · Cited by 122
“Indeed, high concentrations of small, dense LDL have been identiWed as an additional risk factor for atherosclerosis (Austin et al. 1990; Austin and Edwards 1996; Galeano et al. 1998), and are associated with atherogenic conditions such as hyperbetalipoproteinemia (Teng et al. 1985) or familial…”
Background
Dietary and Genetic Probes of Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
Krauss, R. M. (2005) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000186365.73973.f0 · Cited by 124
Self-citation
The Adipocyte, Fatty Acid Trapping, and Atherogenesis
Sniderman, A. D., Cianflone, K., Arner, P., Summers, L. K. M., & Frayn, K. N. (1998) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.18.2.147 · Cited by 123
Biologic markers as predictors of cardiovascular disease
Frishman, W. H. (1998) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(98)00184-3 · Cited by 120
Effect of a Moderate Fat Diet With and Without Avocados on Lipoprotein Particle Number, Size and Subclasses in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Wang, L., Bordi, P. L., Fleming, J. A., Hill, A. M., & Kris‐Etherton, P. M. (2015) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.114.001355 · Cited by 134
Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease‐related risk of cardiovascular disease and other cardiac complications
Byrne, C. D., & Targher, G. (2021) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.14484 · Cited by 125
“In 1990, the atherogenic dyslipidaemia that occurs with MetS was described and was referred to as the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype.(68) This”
Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype and Low-Density Lipoproteins Size and Subclasses in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Berneis, K., Rizzo, M., Lazzaroni, V., Fruzzetti, F., & Carmina, E. (2007) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2006-1705 · Cited by 121
Associations of hepatic and lipoprotein lipase activities with changes in dietary composition and low density lipoprotein subclasses.
Campos, H., Dreon, D. M., & Krauss, R. M. (1995) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)39880-1 · Cited by 121
Self-citation
Effect of niacin and atorvastatin on lipoprotein subclasses in patients with atherogenic dyslipidemia
McKenney, J. M., McCormick, L. S., Schaefer, E. J., Black, D. M., & Watkins, M. L. (2001) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(01)01639-3 · Cited by 120
Effects of Peritoneal Dialysis with an Overnight Icodextrin Dwell on Parameters of Glucose and LIPID Metabolism
Bredie, S. J. H., Bosch, F. H., Demacker, P. N. M., Stalenhoef, A. F. H., & van Leusen, R. (2001) · Peritoneal Dialysis International · doi:10.1177/089686080102100308 · Cited by 119
“A reason for a more disperse LDL subfraction pattern might be the absence of overt hypertriglyceridemia, since accumulation of triglyceriderich lipoproteins is inversely associated with changes in LDL toward the small dense phenotype (16).”
Background
Lipid modification in type 2 diabetes: the role of LDL and HDL
Vergès, B. (2009) · Fundamental & Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1472-8206.2009.00739.x · Cited by 117
Interaction of Very-Low-Density, Intermediate-Density, and Low-Density Lipoproteins With Human Arterial Wall Proteoglycans
Anber, V., Millar, J. S., McConnell, M., Shepherd, J., & Packard, C. J. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.11.2507 · Cited by 117
Hypolipidemic and antioxidant activities of thymoquinone and limonene in atherogenic suspension fed rats
Ahmad, S., & Beg, Z. H. (2012) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.109 · Cited by 116
Triglycerides and risk for coronary artery disease
McBride, P. E. (2008) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-008-0060-9 · Cited by 119
A Lutein-Enriched Diet Prevents Cholesterol Accumulation and Decreases Oxidized LDL and Inflammatory Cytokines in the Aorta of Guinea Pigs,
Kim, J. E., Leite, J. O. M., deOgburn, R. C., Smyth, J. A., Clark, R. M., & Fernández, M. L. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.141630 · Cited by 115
“Cardiovascular disease has been related to LDL particle size (28,29) and a higher number of circulating medium LDL particles is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (30).”
Background
Comparison of the effects of four commercially available weight-loss programmes on lipid-based cardiovascular risk factors
Morgan, L., Griffin, B., Millward, D., DeLooy, A., Fox, K., Baic, S., Bonham, M., Wallace, J., MacDonald, I., Taylor, M., et al. (2009) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980008003236 · Cited by 115
The physiology of lipoproteins
Tulenko, T. N., & Sumner, A. E. (2002) · Journal of Nuclear Cardiology · doi:10.1067/mnc.2002.128959 · Cited by 113
Differences in Receptor Binding of LDL Subfractions
Campos, H., Arnold, K. S., Balestra, M. E., Innerarity, T. L., & Krauss, R. M. (1996) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.16.6.794 · Cited by 112
Self-citation
[2] Significance of apolipoproteins for structure, function, and classification of plasma lipoproteins
Alaupovic, P. (1996) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(96)63004-3 · Cited by 109
Triglyceride, small, dense low-density lipoprotein, and the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype
Austin, M. A. (2000) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-000-0021-4 · Cited by 110
Self-citation
Visceral Fat Accumulation Contributes to Insulin Resistance, Small-Sized Low-Density Lipoprotein, and Progression of Coronary Artery Disease in Middle-Aged Non-Obese Japanese Men
Kobayashi, H., Nakamura, T., Miyaoka, K., Nishida, M., Funahashi, T., Yamashita, S., & Matsuzawa, Y. (2001) · Japanese Circulation Journal-english Edition · doi:10.1253/jcj.65.193 · Cited by 105
Postprandial lipemia in endurance-trained people during a short interruption to training
Hardman, A. E., Lawrence, J. E. M., & Herd, S. L. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.1895 · Cited by 107
“A PARTICULAR COMBINATION of characteristics, which has been termed the atherogenic phenotype, has been identified as a strong risk marker for coronary heart disease (2).”
Background
Androgen and progestagen effects on plasma lipids
Bagatell, C. J., & Bremner, W. J. (1995) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/s0033-0620(95)80016-6 · Cited by 107
The scientific basis of recent US guidance on sugars intake
Murphy, S. P., & Johnson, R. K. (2003) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/78.4.827s · Cited by 106
Small, dense low‐density lipoproteins (LDL) are predictors of cardio‐ and cerebro‐vascular events in subjects with the metabolic syndrome
Rizzo, M., Pernice, V., Frasheri, A., Lorenzo, G. D., Rini, G. B., Spinas, G. A., & Berneis, K. K. (2008) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03407.x · Cited by 107
Relation of LDL Size to the Insulin Resistance Syndrome and Coronary Heart Disease in American Indians
Gray, R. S., Robbins, D. C., Wang, W., Yeh, J. L., Fabsitz, R. R., Cowan, L. D., Welty, T. K., Lee, E. T., Krauss, R. M., & Howard, B. V. (1997) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.17.11.2713 · Cited by 104
Self-citation
Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Subfractions during Pregnancy: Accumulation of Buoyant LDL with Advancing Gestation
Winkler, K., Wetzka, B., Hoffmann, M. M., Friedrich, I., Kinner, M., Baumstark, M. W., Wieland, H., März, W., & Zahradnik, H. P. (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.85.12.7027 · Cited by 104
“This metabolic situation is referred to as atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (24).”
Background
Omacor in familial combined hyperlipidemia: effects on lipids and low density lipoprotein subclasses
Calabresi, L., Donati, D., Pazzucconi, F., Sirtori, C. R., & Franceschini, G. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00267-1 · Cited by 104
Effect of ezetimibe monotherapy on the concentration of lipoprotein subfractions in patients with primary dyslipidaemia
Kalogirou, M., Tsimihodimos, V., Gazi, I. F., Filippatos, T. D., Saougos, V., Tselepis, A. D., Mikhailidis, D. P., & Elisaf, M. (2007) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079907x188062 · Cited by 104
Pioglitazone Reduces Atherogenic Dense LDL Particles in Nondiabetic Patients With Arterial Hypertension
Winkler, K., Konrad, T., Füllert, S., Friedrich, I., Destani, R., Baumstark, M. W., Krebs, K., Wieland, H., & März, W. (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.9.2588 · Cited by 104
“Lipid metabolism in insulin resistance is characterized by increased triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, only slightly elevated LDL cholesterol levels (3), and a preponderance of dense LDL (4,5) that is often referred to as the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype (6).”
Metabolic abnormalities: triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein
Krauss, R. M., & Siri, P. W. (2004) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2004.03.016 · Cited by 102
Self-citation
Disparate LDL Phenotypic Classification among 4 Different Methods Assessing LDL Particle Characteristics
Ensign, W. Y., Hill, N. S., & Heward, C. B. (2006) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2005.059949 · Cited by 103
Regulation of low-density lipoprotein particle size distribution in NIDDM and coronary disease: importance of serum triglycerides
Lahdenper, S., Syv�nne, M., Kahri, J., & Taskinen, M. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400677 · Cited by 103
Compositional differences of LDL particles in normal subjects with LDL subclass phenotype A and LDL subclass phenotype B
Capell, W. H., Zambon, A., Austin, M. A., Brunzell, J. D., & Hokanson, J. E. (1996) · Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.16.8.1040 · Cited by 95
Self-citation
Association of the APOLIPOPROTEIN A1/C3/A4/A5 Gene Cluster With Triglyceride Levels and LDL Particle Size in Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia
Mar, R., Pajukanta, P., Allayee, H., Groenendijk, M., Dallinga‐Thie, G. M., Krauss, R. M., Sinsheimer, J. S., Cantor, R. M., de Bruin, T. W., & Lusis, A. J. (2004) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/01.res.0000124922.61830.f0 · Cited by 101
Self-citation
Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype and Diet-Gene Interactions
Krauss, R. M. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.2.340s · Cited by 101
Self-citation
Plasma triglyceride and LDL heterogeneity in familial combined hyperlipidemia.
Hokanson, J. E., Austin, M. A., Zambon, A., & Brunzell, J. D. (1993) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.13.3.427 · Cited by 101
“That is, in these individuals, LDL subclass phenotype may be controlled by factors that relate to plasma triglyceride concentrations and are unrelated to the proposed single gene controlling LDL subclass phenotype B.(9)-(11) The baseline lipid parameters in this study group, in particular the high triglyceride and low…”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
Low‐intensity endurance exercise training, plasma lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart disease
Després, J., & LAMARCHE, B. (1994) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.1994.tb01114.x · Cited by 164
Changes in LDL Density across the Menopausal Transition
Carr, M. C., Kim, K. H., Zambon, A., Mitchell, E. S., Woods, N. F., Casazza, C. P., Purnell, J. Q., Hokanson, J. E., Brunzell, J. D., & Schwartz, R. S. (2000) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1177/108155890004800405 · Cited by 100
LDL Size in African Americans, Hispanics, and Non-Hispanic Whites
Haffner, S. M., Agostino, R. B. D., Goff, D. C., Howard, B. V., Festa, A., Saad, M. F., & Mykkänen, L. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.9.2234 · Cited by 99
Lipoprotein abnormalities in hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic men on hemodialysis with chronic renal failure
Sentı́, M., Romero, R., Pedro‐Botet, J., Pelegrí, A., Nogués, X., & Rubiés-Prat, J. (1992) · Kidney International · doi:10.1038/ki.1992.204 · Cited by 99
D IETARY AND G ENETIC E FFECTS ON L OW -D ENSITY L IPOPROTEIN H ETEROGENEITY
Krauss, R. M. (2001) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.283 · Cited by 99
Self-citation
Intra-abdominal fat: is it a major factor in developing diabetes and coronary artery disease?
Kissebah, A. H. (1996) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/s0168-8227(96)80035-0 · Cited by 99
Rationale and design of the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein cholesterol Intervention Trial (HIT) for secondary prevention of coronary artery disease in men with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and desirable low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Bloomfield, H. E., Robins, S. J., Iwane, M. K., Boden, W. E., Elam, M. B., Fye, C. L., Gordon, D. J., Schaefer, E. J., Schectman, G., & Wittes, J. T. (1993) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/0002-9149(93)90708-k · Cited by 99
Gender May Affect the Action of Garlic Oil on Plasma Cholesterol and Glucose Levels of Normal Subjects
Zhang, X., Maslin, D. J., Lowe, D., Giles, P. D., Fell, S., & Connock, M. J. (2001) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/131.5.1471 · Cited by 96
Clinical importance and therapeutic modulation of small dense low-density lipoprotein particles
Gazi, I. F., Tsimihodimos, V., Tselepis, A. D., Elisaf, M., & Mikhailidis, D. P. (2006) · Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy · doi:10.1517/14712598.7.1.53 · Cited by 98
Apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in atherogenesis
Borén, J., Packard, C. J., & Binder, C. J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01111-0 · Cited by 110
“One might hypothesize that an association between elevated levels of small, dense LDL and an increased risk of ASCVD might be, at least partly, due to the exposure of site A on apoB100, secondary to the action of these enzymes 48,49 .”
Influence of dietary carbohydrate and fat on LDL and HDL particle distributions
Siri, P. W., & Krauss, R. M. (2005) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-005-0062-9 · Cited by 98
Self-citation
Lipoprotein distribution in the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and familial combined hyperlipidemia
Ayyobi, A. F., & Brunzell, J. D. (2003) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00613-1 · Cited by 96
Metabolic Complications Associated with HIV Protease Inhibitor Therapy
Nolan, D. A. (2003) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/00003495-200363230-00001 · Cited by 98
Analytical capillary isotachophoresis of human serum lipoproteins
Schmitz, G., Möllers, C., & Richter, V. (1997) · Electrophoresis · doi:10.1002/elps.1150181015 · Cited by 97
An olive oil-rich diet results in higher concentrations of LDL cholesterol and a higher number of LDL subfraction particles than rapeseed oil and sunflower oil diets
Pedersen, A. T., Baumstark, M. W., Marckmann, P., Gylling, H., & Sandström, B. (2000) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)32351-8 · Cited by 95
Carbohydrate Restriction Alters Lipoprotein Metabolism by Modifying VLDL, LDL, and HDL Subfraction Distribution and Size in Overweight Men
Wood, R. J., Volek, J. S., Liu, Y., Shachter, N. S., Contois, J. H., & Fernández, M. L. (2006) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/136.2.384 · Cited by 96
Genetics of familial combined hyperlipidemia and risk of coronary heart disease
Shoulders, C. C. (2004) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh069 · Cited by 96
Physical Activity and Lipoprotein Lipid Disorders
Berg, A., Frey, I., Baumstark, M. W., Halle, M., & Keul, J. (1994) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199417010-00002 · Cited by 96
Associations of indices of adiposity with atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions
Sattar, N. A., Tan, C., Han, T. S., Forster, L. F., Lean, M., Shepherd, J., & Packard, C. J. (1998) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800604 · Cited by 95
The potential social impact of predictive genetic testing for susceptibility to common chronic diseases: a review and proposed research agenda
Davison, C., MacIntyre, S., & Smith, G. D. (1994) · Sociology of Health & Illness · doi:10.1111/1467-9566.ep11348762 · Cited by 93
Genetic predictors of FCHL in four large pedigrees. Influence of ApoB level major locus predicted genotype and LDL subclass phenotype.
Jarvik, G. P., Brunzell, J. D., Austin, M. A., Krauss, R. M., Motulsky, A. G., & Wijsman, E. M. (1994) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.14.11.1687 · Cited by 92
“Since FCHL is associated with elevated apoB levels, genetic factors that influence apoB levels may influence risk of FCHL.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Is it LDL particle size or number that correlates with risk for cardiovascular disease?
Superko, H. R., & Gadesam, R. (2008) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-008-0059-2 · Cited by 91
Non-HDL cholesterol is strongly associated with coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic individuals
Orakzai, S. H., Nasir, K., Blaha, M. J., Blumenthal, R. S., & Raggi, P. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.03.014 · Cited by 91
Concordance for Dyslipidemic Hypertension in Male Twins
Selby, J. V. (1991) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1991.03460160057029 · Cited by 91
Small, dense low‐density‐lipoproteins and the metabolic syndrome
Rizzo, M., & Berneis, K. K. (2006) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.694 · Cited by 94
Multilocus genetic determinants of LDL particle size in coronary artery disease families.
Rotter, J. I., Bu, X., Cantor, R. M., Warden, C. H., Brown, J., Gray, R. J., Blanche, P. J., Krauss, R. M., & Lusis, A. J. (1996) · PubMed Central · Cited by 91
Self-citation
Dyslipidemia in rheumatoid arthritis: the possible mechanisms
Yan, J., Yang, S., Han, L., Ba, X., Shen, P., Lin, W., Li, T., Zhang, R., Huang, Y., Huang, Y., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254753 · Cited by 91
“The lipid pro ﬁ le characterized by decreased HDL-c, moderately increased TG, and elevated sdLDL is commonly referred to as atherogenic lipid phenotype and is very common in early RA (131, 133).”
Background
Limited Effect of Dietary Saturated Fat on Plasma Saturated Fat in the Context of a Low Carbohydrate Diet
Forsythe, C. E., Phinney, S. D., Feinman, R. D., Volk, B. M., Freidenreich, D. J., Quann, E. E., Ballard, K. D., Puglisi, M. J., Maresh, C. M., Kraemer, W. J., et al. (2010) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-010-3467-3 · Cited by 90
“Previous studies have shown that increased plasma PL and CE SFA levels predict development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [28, 29].”
Background
Low-density lipoprotein size and subclasses are markers of clinically apparent and non-apparent atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes
Berneis, K. K., Jeanneret, C., Muser, J., Felix, B., & Miserez, A. R. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2004.08.017 · Cited by 90
“Low-density lipoprotein particle subclasses can be determined by denaturing gradient gel analysis [1] or ultracentrifugation [2,3] and nuclear magnetic resonance [4].”
Method
Effects of pravastatin treatment on lipoprotein subclass profiles and particle size in the PLAC-I trial
Otvos, J. D., SHALAUROVA, I. Y., Freedman, D. S., & Rosenson, R. S. (2002) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(01)00544-5 · Cited by 88
Changes of lipolytic enzymes cluster with insulin resistance syndrome
Knudsen, P., Eriksson, J., Lahdenper, S., Kahri, J., Groop, L., Taskinen, M., & The Botnia Study Group (1995) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00400640 · Cited by 87
“The lipoprotein pattern has been termed as the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and it is associated with excess risk of coronary heart disease [6, 7].”
Background
Lipoprotein profile in men with peripheral vascular disease. Role of intermediate density lipoproteins and apoprotein E phenotypes
Sentí, M., Nogués, X., Pedro-Botet, J., Rubiés-Prat, J., & Vidal-Barraquer, F. (1992) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.85.1.30 · Cited by 85
Physical Activity May Modulate Effects of ApoE Genotype on Lipid Profile
Bernstein, M., Costanza, M. C., James, R. W., Morris, M. A., Cambien, F., Raoux, S., & Morabia, A. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/hq0102.101819 · Cited by 88
High insulin levels and increased low‐density lipoprotein oxidizability in pediatric patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Posadas‐Romero, C., Torres‐Tamayo, M., Zamora‐González, J., Aguilar-Herrera, B. E., Posadas‐Sánchez, R., Cardoso-Saldaña, G. C., de Guevara, G. L., Solís-Vallejo, E., & Hafidi, M. E. (2004) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.11472 · Cited by 86
Association of dyslipidemia with the severity and mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a meta-analysis
Liu, Y., Pan, Y., Yin, Y., Chen, W., & Li, X. (2021) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01604-1 · Cited by 94
Should we measure routinely the LDL peak particle size?
Rizzo, M., & Berneis, K. K. (2005) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.02.035 · Cited by 86
Phenotype-dependent and -independent actions of rosuvastatin on atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions in hyperlipidaemia
CASLAKE, M. J., Stewart, G., Day, S., Daly, E., McTaggart, F., Chapman, M. J., Durrington, P. N., Laggner, P., Mackness, M., Pears, J. S., et al. (2003) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.08.025 · Cited by 86
Hypertriglyceridemia during late pregnancy is associated with the formation of small dense low-density lipoproteins and the presence of large buoyant high-density lipoproteins
Silliman, K., Shore, V. G., & Forte, T. M. (1994) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(94)90186-4 · Cited by 86
A Genome Search Identifies Major Quantitative Trait Loci on Human Chromosomes 3 and 4 That Influence Cholesterol Concentrations in Small LDL Particles
Rainwater, D. L., Almasy, L. A., Blangero, J., Cole, S. A., VandeBerg, J. L., MacCluer, J. W., & Hixson, J. E. (1999) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.19.3.777 · Cited by 86
Treatment options for the management of hypertriglyceridemia: strategies based on the best-available evidence
Maki, K. C., Bays, H. E., & Dicklin, M. R. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2012.04.003 · Cited by 83
Effects of prescription omega-3-acid ethyl esters, coadministered with atorvastatin, on circulating levels of lipoprotein particles, apolipoprotein CIII, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass in men and women with mixed dyslipidemia
Maki, K. C., Bays, H. E., Dicklin, M. R., Johnson, S. L., & Shabbout, M. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Lipidology · doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.09.001 · Cited by 81
Advanced oxidative and glycoxidative protein damage markers in the elderly with type 2 diabetes
Grădinaru, D., Borșa, C., Ionescu, C., & Margina, D. M. (2013) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2013.03.034 · Cited by 88
The Helsinki Heart Study: Central Findings and Clinical Implications
Huttunen, J. K., Manninen, V., Mänttäri, M., Koskinen, P., Romo, M., Tenkanen, L., Heinonen, O. P., & Frick, M. H. (1991) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.3109/07853899109148041 · Cited by 85
Oolong tea increases plasma adiponectin levels and low-density lipoprotein particle size in patients with coronary artery disease
Shimada, K., Kawarabayashi, T., Tanaka, A., Fukuda, D., Nakamura, Y., Yoshiyama, M., Takeuchi, K., Sawaki, T., Hosoda, K., & Yoshikawa, J. (2004) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2004.01.003 · Cited by 84
A review of the evidence on reducing macrovascular risk in patients with atherogenic dyslipidaemia: A report from an expert consensus meeting on the role of fenofibrate–statin combination therapy
Aguíar, C., Alegría, E., Bonadonna, R. C., Catapano, A. L., Cosentino, F., Elisaf, M., Farnier, M., Ferrières, J., Filardi, P. P., Hâncu, N., et al. (2015) · Atherosclerosis Supplements · doi:10.1016/s1567-5688(15)30001-5 · Cited by 84
“Atherogenic dyslipidaemia is characterised by increased levels of total triglycerides and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) triglycerides, decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), as well as levels of lowdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) that are normal or moderately increased (Table 1…”
Background
Fasting Lipoprotein and Postprandial Triacylglycerol Responses to a Low-Carbohydrate Diet Supplemented with n-3 Fatty Acids
Volek, J. S., Gómez, A. L., & Kraemer, W. J. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718935 · Cited by 84
“[12] and these individuals exhibit a greater than three-fold risk of coronary heart disease [13,14].”
Background
A practical approach to risk assessment to prevent coronary artery disease and its complications
Linton, M. F., & Fazio, S. (2003) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(03)00505-8 · Cited by 83
Alterations in the main steps of reverse cholesterol transport in male patients with primary hypertriglyceridemia and low HDL-cholesterol levels
Brites, F. D., Bonavita, C. D., Geitere, C. D., Cloës, M., Delfly, B., Yael, M. J., Fruchart, J., Wikinski, R. L. W., & Castro, G. R. (2000) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00452-9 · Cited by 83
“Additionally, about 70% of our normotriglyceridemic patients with low HDL-C levels showed plasma triglyceride concentrations higher than 150 mg/dl, upper limit proposed by Austin et al. [49] for the appearance of atherogenic modifications normally found in manifest hypertriglyceridemia.”
Background
Ethnic differences in serum lipoproteins and their determinants in South African women.
Goedecke, J., Utzschneider, K., Faulenbach, M., Rizzo, M., Berneis, K., Spinas, G., Dave, J., Levitt, N., Lambert, E., Olsson, T., et al. (2010) · Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2009.12.018 · Cited by 87
“69 mmol/L [21].”
Effect of ketogenic mediterranean diet with phytoextracts and low carbohydrates/high-protein meals on weight, cardiovascular risk factors, body composition and diet compliance in Italian council employees
Paoli, A., Cenci, L., & Grimaldi, K. A. (2011) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-10-112 · Cited by 85
“Furthermore the VLCKD can cause modifications in LDL-C particles leading to increased size [53] which may reduce cardiovascular risk since smaller LDL particles have been shown to be more atherogenic [55].”
Background
Testosterone administration to men increases hepatic lipase activity and decreases HDL and LDL size in 3 wk
Herbst, K. L., Amory, J. K., Brunzell, J. D., Chansky, H. A., & Bremner, W. J. (2003) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00524.2002 · Cited by 82
“That HDL-C decreases with T administration might be important for long-term use of T in men, because low HDL-C, including low HDL2 and low HDL3, is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (3, 14, 26).”
Background
Genetics of LDL subclass phenotypes in women twins. Concordance, heritability, and commingling analysis.
Austin, M. A., Newman, B. M., Selby, J. V., Edwards, K. L., Mayer, E. J., & Krauss, R. M. (1993) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.13.5.687 · Cited by 82
“including increased plasma triglyceride and apolipoprotein (apo) B and decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and apo AI levels.(11) The mechanism underlying the increased risk associated with LDL subclass phenotype B, however, is not yet understood.”
BackgroundSelf-citation
NASH drug treatment development: challenges and lessons
Tilg, H., Byrne, C. D., & Targher, G. (2023) · The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s2468-1253(23)00159-0 · Cited by 81
Prior exercise and postprandial substrate extraction across the human leg
Malkova, D., Evans, R. D., Frayn, K. N., Humphreys, S. M., Jones, P. R. M., & Hardman, A. E. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.279.5.e1020 · Cited by 117
Effects of Diet and Exercise on Qualitative and Quantitative Measures of LDL and Its Susceptibility to Oxidation
Beard, C. M., Barnard, R. J., Robbins, D. C., Ordovás, J. M., & Schaefer, E. J. (1996) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.16.2.201 · Cited by 82
Interactions Between Glucose and FFA Metabolism in Man
Saloranta, C., & Groop, L. (1996) · Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0895(199603)12:1 · Cited by 37
Relationship of serum ferritin concentrations with metabolic cardiovascular risk factors in men without evidence for coronary artery disease
Halle, M., König, D., Berg, A., Keul, J., & Baumstark, M. W. (1997) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(96)05994-1 · Cited by 79
“As these factors are known to be closely related to an LDL subfraction phenotype of increased concentrations of small, dense LDL particles [8–14], we hypothesized that ferritin might be associated with an atherogenic LDL subfraction profile [13–15], a finding which would help to explain the relationship between ferrit…”
Background
Dyslipidemia in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Relationships between Lipids, Kidney Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Battisti, W. P., Palmisano, J. J., & Keane, W. F. (2003) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm.2003.181 · Cited by 78
Optimization of Glycemic Control by Insulin Therapy Decreases the Proportion of Small Dense LDL Particles in Diabetic Patients
Caixàs, A., Ordóñez‐Llanos, J., de Leiva, A., Payés, A., Homs, R., & Pérez, A. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.7.1207 · Cited by 79
“Since small dense LDL is more prevalent in men above 20 years of age and in postmenopausal women (44), differences in age and hormonal status in the studied groups may account for discrepancies in LDL phenotypes between the two types of diabetes.”
Background
Effect of fish-oil-enriched margarine on plasma lipids, low-density-lipoprotein particle composition, size, and susceptibility to oxidation
Sørensen, N. S., Marckmann, P., Høy, C., van Duyvenvoorde, W., & Princen, H. M. G. (1998) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/68.2.235 · Cited by 78
Antiretroviral Therapy is Associated With an Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype Among HIV-1-Infected Men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study
Riddler, S. A., Li, X., Otvos, J. D., Post, W. S., Palella, F. J., Kingsley, L., Visscher, B. R., Jacobson, L. P., & Sharrett, A. R. (2008) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0b013e31817bbbf0 · Cited by 78
“Austin described an ‘‘atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype’’ (ALP) based on a predominance of small, dense LDL-p with accompanying elevated triglycerides and reduced highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C).(15) Obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance are known to be associated with elevated triglycerides and reduce…”
Background
Small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration and carotid atherosclerosis
Shoji, T., Hatsuda, S., Tsuchikura, S., Shinohara, K., Kimoto, E., Koyama, H., Emoto, M., & Nishizawà, Y. (2008) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.042 · Cited by 78
Epidemiology of triglycerides, small dense low-density lipoprotein, and lipoprotein(a) as risk factors for coronary heart disease
Austin, M. A., & Hokanson, J. E. (1994) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(16)30178-x · Cited by 78
Self-citation

Authors: Austin, M. A., King, M. C., Vranizan, K. M., & Krauss, R. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
ORCID: King, M C
Krauss, R M
Venue: Circulation
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 1990-08
Volume: 82
Issue: 2
Pages: 495-506
ISSN: 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
1524-4539
DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.82.2.495
OpenAlex: W2089286420
Cited by: 1,411
References: 63
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 39
FWCI: 47.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Circulation (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Energy (DE-AC03-?, AC03-76SF00098, DEAC03-76SF00098)
National Institutes of Health (7r29hl038760-03, 5p01hl018574-26, DE-AC03- 76SF00098)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL38760, HL-18574)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
Keywords: atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, LDL subclasses, low-density lipoprotein, coronary heart disease risk, genetic markers, single-gene inheritance, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A-I, HDL cholesterol, HDL2, triglycerides, VLDL, intermediate density lipoprotein
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Arteriosclerosis, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosome Mapping, Coronary Disease, Female, Genetic Markers, Humans, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Phenotype, Risk Factors, Triglycerides, Multivariate Analysis

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype. A proposed genetic marker for coronary heart disease risk

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks