Changes in Metabolic Syndrome Variables Since Childhood in Prehypertensive and Hypertensive Subjects: The Bogalusa Heart Study
Open accessAbstract
That essential hypertension is associated with metabolic syndrome is known. However, information is scant regarding the course of development of adverse levels of blood pressure and other risk variables of metabolic syndrome in youth at risk for developing hypertension. This aspect was studied, retrospectively, in a community-based cohort of normotensive (n=2206), prehypertensive (n=721), and hypertensive (n=328) subjects examined serially during childhood (4 to 11 years), adolescence (12 to 18 years), and adulthood (19 to 42 years). Prehypertensive subjects versus normotensive subjects had significantly higher body mass index and subscapular skinfold, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures, and triglycerides beginning in childhood; higher glucose in adolescence; and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting insulin, and insulin resistance index in adulthood. Hypertensive subjects versus normotensive subjects had higher adiposity measures, SBP and DBP, glucose, and triglycerides beginning in childhood; higher insulin and insulin resistant index in childhood and adulthood; and lower high-density lipoprotein, cholesterol in adulthood. Most of these variables progressed adversely at an increased rate in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects. In a multivariate analysis, adverse changes in adiposity, SBP, and DBP were independently associated with prehypertensive status; and adverse changes in adiposity, SBP and DBP, insulin resistant index, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides with hypertension status. As young adults, prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects showed significantly higher prevalence of obesity, hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemias. Thus, excess adiposity and blood pressure beginning in childhood and accelerated adverse longitudinal changes in risk variables of metabolic syndrome through young adulthood characterize the early natural history of hypertension.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the Bogalusa childhood cohort, adults who were prehypertensive or mildly hypertensive had higher BPs and were heavier and more insulin resistant when tracked back to age 4 to 8 years than their normotensive counterparts.
“Studies of the Bogalusa childhood cohort who were prehypertensive or mildly hypertensive in adulthood showed that when they were tracked back to as young as 4 to 8 years old, they had higher BPs and were heavier and more insulin resistant than their normotensive counterparts.89”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F., & Turner, R. C. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00280883 · Cited by 31,502 · see citing works
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease
Reaven, G. M. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.12.1595 · Cited by 12,154 · see citing works
National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents (2004) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.114.2.s2.555 · Cited by 6,895 · see citing works
Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ
Kershaw, E. E., & Flier, J. S. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0395 · Cited by 5,522 · see citing works
DeFronzo, R. A., & Ferrannini, E. (1991) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.14.3.173 · Cited by 4,555 · see citing works
Prevalence and Trends in Overweight Among US Children and Adolescents, 1999-2000
Ogden, C. L. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.14.1728 · Cited by 4,060 · see citing works
Berenson, G. S., Srinivasan, S. R., Bao, W., Newman, W. P., Tracy, R. E., & Wattigney, W. A. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199806043382302 · Cited by 4,032 · see citing works
Self-citationBarker, D. J., Osmond, C., Golding, J., Kuh, D., & Wadsworth, M. E. (1989) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.298.6673.564 · Cited by 2,415 · see citing works
Impact of High-Normal Blood Pressure on the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
Vasan, R. S., Larson, M. G., Leip, E. P., Evans, J. C., O’Donnell, C. J., Kannel, W. B., & Levy, D. A. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa003417 · Cited by 2,079 · see citing works
Blood Pressure and End-Stage Renal Disease in Men
Klag, M. J., Whelton, P. K., Randall, B. L., Neaton, J. D., Brancati, F. L., Ford, C. E., Shulman, N. B., & Stamler, J. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199601043340103 · Cited by 1,661 · see citing works
Reaven, G. M., Lithell, H., & Landsberg, L. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602083340607 · Cited by 1,435 · see citing works
Blood Pressure, Systolic and Diastolic, and Cardiovascular Risks
Stamler, J. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.153.5.598 · Cited by 1,380 · see citing works
Allhoff, P., Laaser, U., & Heinrich, J. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-95642-3_7 · Cited by 1,331 · see citing works
Minireview: The Adipocyte—At the Crossroads of Energy Homeostasis, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis
Rajala, M. W., & Scherer, P. E. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0580 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Blood Pressure, Systolic and Diastolic, and Cardiovascular Risks: US Population Data
Stamler, J. (1993) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1993.00410050036006 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Trends in Blood Pressure Among Children and Adolescents
Muntner, P. (2004) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.291.17.2107 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Bao, W., Threefoot, S. A., Srinivasan, S., & Berenson, G. (1995) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/0895-7061(95)00116-7 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Self-citationIncidence and precursors of hypertension in young adults: The Framingham offspring study
Garrison, R. J., Kannel, W. B., Stokes, J., & Castelli, W. P. (1987) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/0091-7435(87)90087-9 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Obesity-Associated Hypertension
Rahmouni, K., Correia, M., Haynes, W. G., & Mark, A. L. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000151325.83008.b4 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
How good a marker is insulin level for insulin resistance?
Laakso, M. (1993) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116768 · Cited by 726 · see citing works
Weight and blood pressure. Findings in hypertension screening of 1 million Americans
Stamler, R. (1978) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.240.15.1607 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Childhood Risk Factors for High Adult Blood Pressure: The Muscatine Study
Lauer, R. M., & Clarke, W. R. (1989) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.84.4.633 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Srinivasan, S. R., Bao, W., Wattigney, W. A., & Berenson, G. S. (1996) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(96)90060-8 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Self-citationSrinivasan, S. R., Myers, L., & Berenson, G. S. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.1.204 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman adipocytes secrete mineralocorticoid-releasing factors
Ehrhart‐Bornstein, M., Lamounier‐Zepter, V., Schraven, A., Langenbach, J., Willenberg, H. S., Barthel, A., Hauner, H., McCann, S. M., Scherbaum, W. A., & Bornstein, S. R. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2336140100 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Daniels, S. R., Loggie, J. M. H., Khoury, P. R., & Kimball, T. R. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.19.1907 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Stamler, R. (1978) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1978.03290150053024 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Sorof, J. M., Alexandrov, A. V., Cardwell, G., & Portman, R. J. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.111.1.61 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Sinaiko, A. R., Donahue, R. P., Jacobs, D. R., & Prineas, R. J. (1999) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.99.11.1471 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Development of the Multiple Metabolic Syndrome: An Epidemiologic Perspective
Liese, A. D., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., & Haffner, S. M. (1998) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017978 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Freedman, D. S., Srinivasan, S. R., Valdez, R. A., Williamson, D. F., & Berenson, G. S. (1997) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.99.3.420 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Self-citationChronic Cardiovascular and Renal Actions of Leptin: Role of Adrenergic Activity
Carlyle, M., Jones, O. B., Kuo, J. J., & Hall, J. E. (2002) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hy0202.104398 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Childhood prevention of atherosclerosis and hypertension
Lauer, R. M., & Shekelle, R. B. (1980) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The hemodynamic link between insulin resistance and hypertension
Julius, S., Gudbrandsson, T., Jamerson, K., Shahab, S., & Andersson, O. (1991) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199111000-00001 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
The renin-angiotensin system and natriuretic peptides in obesity-associated hypertension
Engeli, S., & Sharma, A. M. (2001) · Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s001090000144 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Clustering of cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prehypertensive individuals.
Haffner, S. M., Ferrannini, E., Hazuda, H. P., & D, M. P. S. M. (1992) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.20.1.38 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Pathophysiology of obesity hypertension
Hall, J. E. (2000) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-000-0073-4 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Blood pressure and echocardiographic measures in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study.
Burke, G. L., Arcilla, R. A., Culpepper, W. S., Webber, L. S., Chiang, Y. K., & Berenson, G. S. (1987) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.75.1.106 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh-normal blood pressure progression to hypertension in the Framingham Heart Study.
Leitschuh, M. L., Cupples, L. A., Kannel, W. B., GAGNON, D. R., & Chobanian, A. V. (1991) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.17.1.22 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Obesity-Associated Hypertension: Recent Progress in Deciphering the Pathogenesis
Rahmouni, K. (2014) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.00920 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Risk factors for the development of hypertension: a 10-year longitudinal study in middle-aged men
Skarfors, E., Lithell, H., & Selinus, I. (1991) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-199103000-00004 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Serial Changes in Blood Pressure from Adolescence into Adulthood
Beckett, L. A., ROSNER, B. A., Roche, A. F., & Guo, S. S. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116217 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Schieken, R. M., Clarke, W. R., & Lauer, R. M. (1981) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.3.6.669 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Srinivasan, S. R., Myers, L., & Berenson, G. S. (1999) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/s0026-0495(99)90231-7 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationObesity-hypertension: the effects on cardiovascular and renal systems
Zhang, R., & Reisin, E. (2000) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/s0895-7061(00)01254-1 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Obesity hypertension, salt sensitivity and insulin resistance.
Rocchini, A. P. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Ability of Alternative Indices of Insulin Sensitivity to Predict Cardiovascular Risk
Howard, G., Bergman, R. N., Wagenknecht, L. E., Haffner, S. M., Savage, P. J., Saad, M. F., Laws, A., & D’Agostino, R. B. (1998) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(98)00002-7 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
The problem of obesity and hypertension.
Frohlich, E. D., Messerli, F. H., Reisin, E., & Dunn, F. G. (1983) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.5.5_pt_2.iii71 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Hall, J. E., Brands, M. W., Zappe, D. H., & Galicia, M. A. (1995) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-208-43862b · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Elkasabany, A., Urbina, E. M., Daniels, S. R., & Berenson, G. S. (1998) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70361-0 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationFeskens, E. J. M., Tuomilehto, J. O., Stengård, J., Pekkanen, J., Nissinen, A. M., & Kromhout, D. (1995) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050361 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Schieken, R. M., Clarke, W. R., & Lauer, R. M. (1983) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.5.1.71 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dormont High School (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) blood pressure study.
Kuller, L. H., Crook, M., Almes, M. J., et al. (1980) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.2.4_pt_2.i109 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Martínez–Maldonado, M. (1995) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/00000441-199507000-00001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Berenson GS, ed. Causation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Early Life. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1986:1-408.
- Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JL Jr. Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: The JNC7 Report. JAMA. 2003;289:2560 -2572.
- Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Serum Lipoproteins in children and methods for study. In: Lewis LA, ed. CRC Handbook of Electrophonesis. Vol III: Lipoprotein Methodology and Human Studies. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1983:185-203.
- Kuller LH, Crook, Aimes MJ. Dormont high school blood pressure study. Hypertension. 1980;4:109 -116.
- Ferrannini E. The phenomenon of insulin resistance: its possible rel- evance to hypertensive disease. In: Laragh JH, Brenner BM, eds. Hyper- tension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Raven Press; 1995:2281-2300.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kelly, A. S., Barlow, S. E., Rao, G., Inge, T. H., Hayman, L. L., Steinberger, J., Urbina, E. M., Ewing, L. J., & Daniels, S. R. (2013) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182a5cfb3 · Cited by 980 · see citing works
Landsberg, L., Aronne, L. J., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Igel, L. I., Lloyd‐Jones, D., & Sowers, J. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12049 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Obesity: a risk factor for preeclampsia
Walsh, S. W. (2007) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2007.09.003 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Rademacher, E. R., Jacobs, D. R., Moran, A., Steinberger, J., Prineas, R. J., & Sinaiko, A. (2009) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e32832e8cfa · Cited by 101 · see citing works
- Authors
- Srinivasan, S. R., Myers, L., & Berenson, G. S.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- ORCID
- Myers, Leann
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2006-07
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-39
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W2124460201
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 12.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (AG16592, R01AG016592)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 38 844)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD43820, R03HD043820)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- metabolic syndrome, essential hypertension, prehypertension, childhood to adulthood transition, adiposity, body mass index, blood pressure, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, obesity, risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Blood Glucose, Blood Pressure, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Retrospective Studies, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index, Multivariate Analysis, Metabolic Syndrome, Adiposity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
