Pathogenesis of Leukoaraiosis: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Background Changes in the cerebral hemispheric white matter, detectable with increasing frequency by modern neuroimaging methods, are associated with aging and conceivably may contribute to the development of specific cognitive deficits. The pathogenesis of these cerebral white matter abnormalities (sometimes described as leukoaraiosis) is unknown. This review evaluates the available evidence in support of the hypothesis that the etiology of leukoaraiosis is related to a specific type of cerebral ischemia and highlights mechanisms by which ischemic injury to the brain may induce selected structural alterations limited to the cerebral white matter. Summary of Review The review is based on the critical analysis of over 100 publications (most appearing in the last decade) dealing with the anatomy and physiology of the arterial circulation to the cerebral white matter and with the pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis. Conclusions A significant number of clues support the hypothesis that some types of leukoaraiosis may be the result of ischemic injury to the brain. Structural changes affecting the small intraparenchymal cerebral arteries and arterioles that are associated with aging and with stroke risk factors, altered cerebral blood flow autoregulation, and the conditions created by the unique arterial blood supply of the hemispheric white matter each seem to contribute to the development of leukoaraiosis. To the best of our ability to interpret current information, the type of ischemic injury that is most likely responsible for these white matter changes involves transient repeated events characterized by moderate drops in regional cerebral blood flow that induce an incomplete form of infarction. This hypothesis could be tested in appropriate experimental models.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Evidence from clinical and pathological data suggests that the majority of WMLs in the brains of older people are ischemic in origin.
“While the differential diagnosis is long, there is evidence from clinical and pathological data to suggest that the majority of these lesions in the brains of older people are ischemic in origin.51”
From Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Cognitive Disorders: A VASCOG Statement (2014) · cites this paper as [51]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Pathologic correlates of incidental MRI white matter signal hyperintensities
Fazekas, F., Kleinert, R., Offenbacher, H., Schmidt, R., Kleinert, G., Payer, F., Radner, H., & Lechner, H. (1993) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.43.9.1683 · Cited by 1,619 · see citing works
Histopathologic correlates of white matter changes on MRI in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging
Scheltens, P., Barkhof, F., Leys, D., Wolters, E. C., Ravid, R., & Kamphorst, W. (1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.5.883 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Medullary arteries in aging and dementia.
Furuta, A., Ishii, N., Nishihara, Y., & Horie, A. (1991) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.22.4.442 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Periventricular white matter lucency and cerebral blood flow autoregulation in hypertensive patients
Matsushita, K., Kuriyama, Y., Nagatsuka, K., Nakamura, M., Sawada, T., & Omae, T. (1994) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.23.5.565 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pantoni, L. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70104-6 · Cited by 3,405 · see citing works
Self-citationDebette, S., & Markus, H. S. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c3666 · Cited by 2,328 · see citing works
de Leeuw, F.-E. (2001) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.70.1.9 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
White matter hyperintensities, cognitive impairment and dementia: an update
Prins, N. D., & Scheltens, P. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neurology · doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2015.10 · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
Silent brain infarcts: a systematic review
Vermeer, S. E., Longstreth, W. T., & Koudstaal, P. J. (2007) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70170-9 · Cited by 1,221 · see citing works
Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia
Román, G. C., Erkinjuntti, T., Wallin, A., Pantoni, L., & Chui, H. C. (2002) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(02)00190-4 · Cited by 1,067 · see citing works
Self-citationAge-related myelin breakdown: a developmental model of cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease
Bartzokis, G. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2003.03.001 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Enlarged perivascular spaces on MRI are a feature of cerebral small vessel disease
Doubal, F. N., MacLullich, A. M. J., Ferguson, K. J., Dennis, M. S., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.564914 · Cited by 904 · see citing works
Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Cognitive Disorders: A VASCOG Statement
Sachdev, P., Kalaria, R., O’Brien, J., Skoog, I., Alladi, S., Black, S. E., Blacker, D., Blazer, D. G., Chen, C., Chui, H., et al. (2014) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000034 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Review: Cerebral microvascular pathology in ageing and neurodegeneration
Brown, W. R., & Thore, C. R. (2011) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01139.x · Cited by 749 · see citing works
Mitchell, G. F. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90549.2008 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Head, D. (2004) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh003 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Hypertension and cerebral white matter lesions in a prospective cohort study
de Leeuw, F. ‐., de Groot, J. C., Oudkerk, M., Witteman, J. C. M., Hofman, A., van Gijn, J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf077 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
Fernando, M. S., Simpson, J. E., Matthews, F., Brayne, C., Lewis, C. E., Barber, R., Kalaria, R. N., Forster, G., Esteves, F., Wharton, S. B., et al. (2006) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000221308.94473.14 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
van Dijk, E. J., Prins, N. D., Vrooman, H. A., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (2008) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.513176 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
White Matter Lesions and Glial Activation in a Novel Mouse Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion
Shibata, M., Ohtani, R., Ihara, M., & Tomimoto, H. (2004) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000143725.19053.60 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Classification of white matter lesions on magnetic resonance imaging in elderly persons
Kim, K. W., MacFall, J. R., & Payne, M. E. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.024 · Cited by 539 · see citing works
Debette, S., Beiser, A., DeCarli, C., Au, R., Himali, J. J., Kelly-Hayes, M., Romero, J. R., Kase, C. S., Wolf, P. A., & Seshadri, S. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.570044 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Stroke Risk Profile Predicts White Matter Hyperintensity Volume: The Framingham Study
Jeerakathil, T., Wolf, P. A., Beiser, A., Massaro, J., Seshadri, S., D’Agostino, R. B., & DeCarli, C. (2004) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000135226.53499.85 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Applications of diffusion‐weighted and diffusion tensor MRI to white matter diseases – a review
Horsfield, M. A., & Jones, D. K. (2002) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.787 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Kalaria, R. N. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-016-1571-z · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Cognitive dysfunction in patients with cerebral microbleeds on T2*-weighted gradient-echo MRI
Werring, D. J. (2004) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awh253 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
Inzitari, D., Pracucci, G., Poggesi, A., Carlucci, G., Barkhof, F., Chabriat, H., Erkinjuntti, T., Fazekas, F., Ferro, J. M., Hennerici, M., et al. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2477 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Self-citationBlack, S., Gao, F., & Bilbao, J. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.537704 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Joutel, A., Monet-Leprêtre, M., Gosele, C., Baron-Menguy, C., Hammes, A., Schmidt, S., Lemaire-Carrette, B., Domenga, V., Schedl, A., Lacombe, P., et al. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci39733 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Patterns of cerebral blood flow reduction in patients with ischemic leukoaraiosis
O’Sullivan, M., Lythgoe, D. J., Pereira, A. C., Summers, P. E., Jarosz, J. M., Williams, S. C. R., & Markus, H. S. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.59.3.321 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
van Dijk, E. J., Breteler, M. M. B., Schmidt, R., Berger, K., Nilsson, L.-G., Oudkerk, M., Pajak, A., Sans, S., de Ridder, M., Dufouil, C., et al. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000145857.98904.20 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Vascular pathology in the aged human brain
Grinberg, L. T., & Thal, D. R. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0652-7 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Wen, W., & Sachdev, P. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.027 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
van den Boom, R., Lesnik Oberstein, S. A. J., Ferrari, M. D., Haan, J., & van Buchem, M. A. (2003) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.2293021354 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Retinal arterial changes correlate with cerebral small-vessel disease
Kwa, V. I. H., van der Sande, J. J., Stam, J., Tijmes, N., & Vrooland, J. L. (2002) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000033093.16450.5c · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Cerebral Perfusion and Cerebrovascular Reactivity Are Reduced in White Matter Hyperintensities
Marstrand, J. R., Garde, E., Rostrup, E., Ring, P., Rosenbaum, S., Mortensen, E. L., & Larsson, H. B. W. (2002) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000012808.81667.4b · Cited by 215 · see citing works
Thompson, C. S., & Hakim, A. M. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.108.542266 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Cerebral vasomotor reactivity and cerebral white matter lesions in the elderly
Bakker, S. L. M., de Leeuw, F.-E., de Groot, J. C., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., & Breteler, M. M. B. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.52.3.578 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Markus, H. S. (2000) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.69.1.48 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Axonal damage and demyelination in the white matter after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in the rat
Wakita, H., Tomimoto, H., Akiguchi, I., Matsuo, A., Lin, J.-X., Ihara, M., & McGeer, P.-L. (2002) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03223-1 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Markus, H. S., Hunt, B., Palmer, K., Enzinger, C., Schmidt, H., & Schmidt, R. (2005) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000169924.60783.d4 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Fornage, M., Chiang, Y. A., O'Meara, E. S., Psaty, B. M., Reiner, A. P., Siscovick, D. S., Tracy, R. P., & Longstreth, W. T. (2008) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.508135 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Godin, O., Tzourio, C., Maillard, P., Mazoyer, B., & Dufouil, C. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.961052 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Duering, M., Csanadi, E., Gesierich, B., Jouvent, E., Herve, D., Seiler, S., Belaroussi, B., Ropele, S., Schmidt, R., Chabriat, H., et al. (2013) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awt184 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Stefansdottir, H., Arnar, D. O., Aspelund, T., Sigurdsson, S., Jonsdottir, M. K., Hjaltason, H., Launer, L. J., & Gudnason, V. (2013) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.12.679381 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Brown, W. R., Moody, D. M., Thore, C. R., Challa, V. R., & Anstrom, J. A. (2007) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.01.015 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Vernooij, M. W., van der Lugt, A., Ikram, M. A., Wielopolski, P. A., Vrooman, H. A., Hofman, A., Krestin, G. P., & Breteler, M. M. (2008) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600526 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Scuteri, A., Nilsson, P. M., Tzourio, C., Redon, J., & Laurent, S. (2011) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328347cc17 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Tuladhar, A. M., van Dijk, E., Zwiers, M. P., van Norden, A. G. W., de Laat, K. F., Shumskaya, E., Norris, D. G., & de Leeuw, F.-E. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23032 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Duration of antihypertensive drug use and risk of dementia: A prospective cohort study
Haag, M. D. M., Hofman, A., Koudstaal, P. J., Breteler, M. M. B., & Stricker, B. H. C. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000345062.86148.3f · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Coronary Artery Calcium, Brain Function and Structure: The AGES-Reykjavik Study
Vidal, J.-S., Sigurdsson, S., Jonsdottir, M. K., Eiriksdottir, G., Thorgeirsson, G., Kjartansson, O., Garcia, M. E., van Buchem, M. A., Harris, T. B., Gudnason, V., et al. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.110.579581 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
White matter lesions and brain atrophy: more than shared risk factors? A systematic review
Appelman, A. P. A., Exalto, L. G., van der Graaf, Y., Biessels, G. J., Mali, W. P. T. M., & Geerlings, M. I. (2009) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000226774 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Alosco, M. L., Brickman, A. M., Spitznagel, M. B., Garcia, S. L., Narkhede, A., Griffith, E. Y., Raz, N., Cohen, R., Sweet, L. H., Colbert, L. H., et al. (2013) · Congestive Heart Failure · doi:10.1111/chf.12025 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Clinical and imaging features of mixed Alzheimer and vascular pathologies
Chui, H. C., & Ramirez-Gomez, L. (2015) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-015-0104-7 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Heritability of leukoaraiosis in hypertensive sibships
Turner, S. T., Jack, C. R., Fornage, M., Mosley, T. H., Boerwinkle, E., & de Andrade, M. (2004) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000112303.26158.92 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Selective reduction of blood flow to white matter during hypercapnia corresponds with leukoaraiosis
Mandell, D. M., Han, J. S., Poublanc, J., Crawley, A. P., Kassner, A., Fisher, J. A., & Mikulis, D. J. (2008) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.107.501692 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Ihara, M., Tomimoto, H., Kinoshita, M., Oh, J., Noda, M., Wakita, H., Akiguchi, I., & Shibasaki, H. (2001) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-200107000-00008 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Effect of pravastatin on cerebral infarcts and white matter lesions
ten Dam, V. H., van den Heuvel, D. M. J., van Buchem, M. A., Westendorp, R. G. J., Bollen, E. L. E. M., Ford, I., de Craen, A. J. M., & Blauw, G. J. (2005) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000161844.00797.73 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Arauz, A., Murillo, L., Cantú, C., Barinagarrementeria, F., & Higuera, J. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000090351.41662.91 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Tarumi, T., Shah, F., Tanaka, H., & Haley, A. P. (2011) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2011.101 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Tartaglia, M. C., Schuff, N., Chiang, G. C., Ching, C., Rosen, H. J., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., Miller, B. L., & Weiner, M. W. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-121156 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Rosano, C., Naydeck, B., Kuller, L. H., Longstreth, W. T., & Newman, A. B. (2005) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53208.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Blood Pressure Variability and Progression of Clinical Alzheimer Disease
de Heus, R. A. A., Olde Rikkert, M. G. M., Tully, P. J., Lawlor, B. A., Claassen, J. A. H. R., & for the NILVAD Study Group (2019) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.13664 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Total cerebral blood flow, white matter lesions and brain atrophy: the SMART-MR study
Appelman, A. P., van der Graaf, Y., Vincken, K. L., Tiehuis, A. M., Witkamp, T. D., Mali, W. P., Geerlings, M. I., & SMART Study Group (2008) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600563 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Frontal lobe white matter hyperintensities and neurofibrillary pathology in the oldest old
Polvikoski, T. M., van Straaten, E. C. W., Barkhof, F., Sulkava, R., Aronen, H. J., Niinistö, L., Oinas, M., Scheltens, P., Erkinjuntti, T., & Kalaria, R. N. (2010) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e318200d6f9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Incomplete lacunar infarction (Type I b lacunes)
Lammie, G. A., Brannan, F., & Wardlaw, J. M. (1998) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s004010050877 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Pikula, A., Böger, R. H., Beiser, A. S., Maas, R., DeCarli, C., Schwedhelm, E., Himali, J. J., Schulze, F., Au, R., Kelly-Hayes, M., et al. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.557116 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Weber, R., Weimar, C., Blatchford, J., Hermansson, K., Wanke, I., Möller-Hartmann, C., Gizewski, E. R., Forsting, M., Demchuk, A. M., Sacco, R. L., et al. (2012) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.111.648576 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Cerebrovascular reserve capacity is impaired in patients with sickle cell disease
Nur, E., Kim, Y.-S., Truijen, J., van Beers, E. J., Davis, S. C. A. T., Brandjes, D. P., Biemond, B. J., & van Lieshout, J. J. (2009) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2009-05-223859 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Guo, X., Pantoni, L., Simoni, M., Bengtsson, C., Björkelund, C., Lissner, L., Gustafson, D., & Skoog, I. (2009) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.109.129700 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationLack of association of white matter lesions with ipsilateral carotid artery stenosis
Potter, G. M., Doubal, F. N., Jackson, C. A., Sudlow, C. L. M., Dennis, M. S., & Wardlaw, J. M. (2012) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000336762 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Appelman, A. P. A., Vincken, K. L., van der Graaf, Y., Vlek, A. L. M., Witkamp, T. D., Mali, W. P. T. M., & Geerlings, M. I. (2010) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000255971 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Plasma β-Amyloid 1-40 Is Associated With the Diffuse Small Vessel Disease Subtype
Gomis, M., Sobrino, T., Ois, A., Millán, M., Rodríguez-Campello, A., de la Ossa, N. P., Rodríguez-González, R., Jiménez-Conde, J., Cuadrado-Godia, E., Roquer, J., et al. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.559641 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hanyu, H., Asano, T., Tanaka, Y., Iwamoto, T., Takasaki, M., & Abe, K. (2002) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000058326 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Olesen, P. J., Gustafson, D. R., Simoni, M., Pantoni, L., Östling, S., Guo, X., & Skoog, I. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.176 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationHuang, Y., Zhang, W., Lin, L., Feng, J., Chen, F., Wei, W., Zhao, X., Guo, W., Li, J., Yin, W., et al. (2010) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2010.08.035 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Tian, J. (2004) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2003.012096 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Tomimoto, H., Ohtani, R., Wakita, H., Lin, J.-X., Ihara, M., Miki, Y., Oshima, F., Murata, T., Ishibashi, K., Suenaga, T., et al. (2006) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000090677 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Kumar, D., Vipin, A., Wong, B., Ng, K. P., & Kandiah, N. (2020) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2020.0784 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Pantoni, L., & Garcia, J. H.
- Affiliations
- Henry Ford Hospital (US)
- From the Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Mich (L.P., J.H.G.); the Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, University of Florence (Italy) (L.P.); and the Department of Pathology (Neuropathology), Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio (J.H.G.).
- ORCID
- Pantoni, Leonardo
- Venue
- Stroke
- Published
- 1997-03
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 652-659
- ISSN
- 0039-2499 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4628
- OpenAlex
- W2043618136
- Cited by
- 1,225
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 45 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 56 · 2012: 57
- FWCI
- 18.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Stroke (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns031631-05)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS-31631)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Cerebrovascular and genetic disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Keywords
- white matter hyperintensities, white matter, ischemic injury, cerebral ischemia, cerebral autoregulation, cerebral microcirculation, arterioles, aging, stroke risk factors, regional cerebral blood flow, cognitive impairment
- MeSH terms
- Brain Diseases, Brain Ischemia, Humans, Nerve Fibers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
