Different Risk Factors for Different Stroke Subtypes: Association of Blood Pressure, Cholesterol, and Antioxidants
Abstract
Background and Purpose —Blood pressure is an important risk factor for stroke, but the roles of serum total and HDL cholesterol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene are poorly established. We studied these factors in relation to stroke subtypes. Methods —Male smokers (n=28 519) aged 50 to 69 years without a history of stroke participated in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, a controlled trial to test the effect of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplementation on cancer. From 1985 to 1993, a total of 1057 men suffered from primary stroke: 85 had subarachnoid hemorrhage; 112, intracerebral hemorrhage; 807, cerebral infarction; and 53, unspecified stroke. Results —Systolic blood pressure ≥160 mm Hg increased the risk of all stroke subtypes 2.5 to 4-fold. Serum total cholesterol was inversely associated with the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage, whereas the risk of cerebral infarction was raised at concentrations ≥7.0 mmol/L. The risks of subarachnoid hemorrhage and cerebral infarction were lowered with serum HDL cholesterol levels ≥0.85 mmol/L. Pretrial high serum α-tocopherol decreased the risk of intracerebral hemorrhage by half and cerebral infarction by one third, whereas high serum β-carotene doubled the risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage and decreased that of cerebral infarction by one fifth. Conclusions —The risk factor profiles of stroke subtypes differ, reflecting different etiopathology. Because reducing atherosclerotic diseases, including ischemic stroke, by lowering high serum cholesterol is one of the main targets in public health care, further studies are needed to distinguish subjects with risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The performance of antioxidants needs confirmation from clinical trials.
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For cerebral infarction, the major risk factors for cardiogenic cerebral embolism are hypertension and cardiac thrombi.
“With respect to cerebral infarction, the major risk factors for cardiogenic cerebral embolism are hypertension and cardiac thrombi849, 850).”
From Japan Atherosclerosis Society (JAS) guidelines for prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases 2017 (2018) · cites this paper as [849]
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- Authors
- Leppälä, J. M., Virtamo, J., Fogelholm, R., Albanes, D., & Heinonen, O. P.
- Affiliations
- From the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki (J.M.L., O.P.H.), the National Public Health Institute (J.V.), and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Helsinki University Central Hospital (R.F.), Helsinki, Finland, and the National Cancer Institute (D.A.), Bethesda, Md.
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- ORCID
- Albanes, Demetrius
- Venue
- Stroke
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2535-2540
- ISSN
- 0039-2499 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4628
- OpenAlex
- W2987377578
- Cited by
- 272
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 5.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Stroke (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01cn045165-030)
- National Cancer Institute (N01 CN 45165)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Keywords
- stroke subtypes, stroke risk factors, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, hemorrhagic stroke, ischemic stroke, antioxidants, ATBC Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Blood Pressure, Cerebral Infarction, Cholesterol, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Cholesterol, HDL, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Smoking, Subarachnoid Hemorrhage, Vitamin E, Controlled Clinical Trials as Topic, beta Carotene, Intracranial Hemorrhages, Stroke
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