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Effects of Alcohol Reduction on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Abstract
Alcohol drinking has been associated with increased blood pressure in epidemiological studies. We conducted a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure. We included 15 randomized control trials (total of 2234 participants) published before June 1999 in which alcohol reduction was the only intervention difference between active and control treatment groups. Using a standard protocol, information on sample size, participant characteristics, study design, intervention methods, duration, and treatment results was abstracted independently by 3 investigators. By means of a fixed-effects model, findings from individual trials were pooled after results for each trial were weighted by the inverse of its variance. Overall, alcohol reduction was associated with a significant reduction in mean (95% confidence interval) systolic and diastolic blood pressures of −3.31 mm Hg (−2.52 to −4.10 mm Hg) and −2.04 mm Hg (−1.49 to −2.58 mm Hg), respectively. A dose-response relationship was observed between mean percentage of alcohol reduction and mean blood pressure reduction. Effects of intervention were enhanced in those with higher baseline blood pressure. Our study suggests that alcohol reduction should be recommended as an important component of lifestyle modification for the prevention and treatment of hypertension among heavy drinkers.
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“The last review6 of the effects of alcohol reduction on blood pressure was done more than 15 years ago and showed an average systolic blood pressure reduction of −3·31 mm Hg (95% CI −4·10 to −2·52) when alcohol consumption was reduced; results were not presented by sex.”
From The effect of a reduction in alcohol consumption on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2017) · cites this paper as [6]
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Cooke, R. W. I., Sniehotta, F. F., & Schüz, B. (2006) · Alcohol and Alcoholism · doi:10.1093/alcalc/agl115 · Cited by 192
“Bingedrinking is associated with a range of health-related problems including violence (Swahn et al., 2004), drink driving ( Windle, 2003 ), accidental falls (Savola et al., 2005), and unsafe sex (Corbin and Fromme, 2002), and there is also the possibility of developing long-term health problems associated with alcoho…”
BackgroundDietary Approaches to Prevent Hypertension
Bazzano, L., Green, T., Harrison, T. N., & Reynolds, K. (2013) · Current Hypertension Reports · doi:10.1007/s11906-013-0390-z · Cited by 182
Mediterranean Dietary Patterns and Cardiovascular Health
Shen, J., Wilmot, K. A., Ghasemzadeh, N., Molloy, D. L., Burkman, G. M., Mekonnen, G., Góngora, M. C., Quyyumi, A. A., & Sperling, L. S. (2015) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-011215-025104 · Cited by 179
Red Wine and Beer Elevate Blood Pressure in Normotensive Men
Zilkens, R., Burke, V., Hodgson, J. M., Barden, A. E., Beilin, L. J., & Puddey, I. B. (2005) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000164639.83623.76 · Cited by 161
Development and Validation of the Hypertension Self-care Profile
Han, H., Lee, H., Commodore-Mensah, Y. Y., & Kim, M. T. (2013) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0b013e3182a3fd46 · Cited by 177
Athyros, V. G., Liberopoulos, E. N., Mikhailidis, D. P., Papageorgiou, A. A., Ganotakis, E. S., Τζιόμαλος, Κ., Kakafika, A. I., Karagiannis, A. I., Lambropoulos, S., & Elisaf, M. (2007) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/0003319707306146 · Cited by 159
Dietary factors associated with hypertension
Zhao, D. H., Qi, Y., Zheng, Z., Wang, Y., Zhang, X.-Y., Li, H.-J., Liu, H.-H., Zhang, X., Du, J., & Liu, J. (2011) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2011.75 · Cited by 163
ACCF/AHA 2011 Expert Consensus Document on Hypertension in the Elderly
Aronow, W. S., Fleg, J. L., Pepine, C. J., Artinian, N. T., Bakris, G. L., Brown, A. S., Ferdinand, K. C., Forciea, M. A., Frishman, W. H., Jaigobin, C. S., et al. (2011) · Journal of the American Society of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.jash.2011.06.001 · Cited by 151
Welty, F. K. (2007) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.167.10.1060 · Cited by 154
Consumo de bebidas para una vida saludable: recomendaciones para la población mexicana
Rivera, J. Á., Muñoz‐Hernández, O., Rosas-Peralta, M., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Popkin, B. M., & Willett, W. C. (2008) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.1590/s0036-36342008000200011 · Cited by 152
Briganti, E. M., McNeil, J. J., Shaw, J. E., Zimmet, P., Chadban, S. J., Atkins, R. C., & Welborn, T. A. (2003) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05471.x · Cited by 153
Elliott, W. J. (2007) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2007.01.002 · Cited by 166
ALCOHOL IS BAD FOR BLOOD PRESSURE
Puddey, I. B., & Beilin, L. J. (2006) · Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2006.04452.x · Cited by 149
“predicted from a reduction in alcohol intake in the meta-analysis of Xin et al.(12) should translate into an 18% decrease in the incidence of death from stroke and a 12% decrease in the incidence of death”
MethodChiva-Blanch, G., Urpi-Sarda, M., Ros, E., Arranz, S., Valderas-Martínez, P., Casas, R., Sacanella, E., Llorach, R., Lamuela-Raventos, R. M., Andres-Lacueva, C., et al. (2012) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.112.275636 · Cited by 146
Takeuchi, F., Isono, M., Nabika, T., Katsuya, T., Sugiyama, T., Yamaguchi, S., Kobayashi, S., Ogihara, T., Yamori, Y., Fujioka, A., et al. (2011) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-10-0774 · Cited by 146
Trends in Prehypertension and Hypertension Risk Factors in US Adults
Booth, J. N., Li, J., Zhang, L., Chen, L., Muntner, P., & Egan, B. M. (2017) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.09004 · Cited by 147
Geographic variations in the prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in China
Reynolds, K., Gu, D., Muntner, P., Wu, X., Chen, J., Huang, G., Duan, X., Whelton, P. K., & He, J. (2003) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/00004872-200307000-00014 · Cited by 145
Self-citationGeneralizability of SPRINT Results to the U.S. Adult Population
Bress, A. P., Tanner, R. M., Hess, R., Colantonio, L. D., Shimbo, D., & Muntner, P. (2015) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.037 · Cited by 145
Alcohol Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome: Does the Type of Beverage Matter?
Djoussé, L., Arnett, D. K., Eckfeldt, J. H., Province, M. A., Singer, M. R., & Ellison, R. C. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.174 · Cited by 140
Non-pharmacological management of hypertension: in the light of current research
Mahmood, S., Shah, K. U., Khan, T. M., Nawaz, S., Rashid, H., Baqar, S. W. A., & Kamran, S. (2018) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-018-1889-8 · Cited by 158
Association between anxiety and hypertension in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Lim, L.-F., Solmi, M., & Cortese, S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.031 · Cited by 134
Systematic review of the effect of daily alcohol intake on blood pressure
MCFADDEN, C., Brensinger, C. M., BERLIN, J., & Townsend, R. R. (2005) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1016/j.amjhyper.2004.07.020 · Cited by 138
“An extension of this finding is the potential effects of alcohol on the normal circadian rhythm of BP.20 This study adds to the meta-analysis of Xin et al.8 Their work examined the effect on BP of a reduction in alcohol intake using randomized clinical trial data, whereas our efforts were directed toward studies that…”
BackgroundInfluentialBeyond salt: lifestyle modifications and blood pressure
Frisoli, T., Schmieder, R. E., Grodzicki, T. K., & Messerli, F. H. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr379 · Cited by 140
Risk Factors Promoting Hypertensive Crises: Evidence From a Longitudinal Study
Saguner, A. M., Dür, S., Perrig, M., Schiemann, U., Stuck, A. E., Bürgi, U., Erné, P., & Schoenenberger, A. W. (2010) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1038/ajh.2010.71 · Cited by 136
Salt Intake from Processed Meat Products: Benefits, Risks and Evolving Practices
Petit, G., Jury, V., de Lamballerie, M., Duranton, F., Pottier, L., & Martin, J. (2019) · Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety · doi:10.1111/1541-4337.12478 · Cited by 136
Beilin, L. J., & Puddey, I. B. (2006) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000218586.21932.3c · Cited by 127
Hazardous Drinkers and Drug Users in HMO Primary Care: Prevalence, Medical Conditions, and Costs
Mertens, J. R., Weisner, C. M., Ray, G. T., FIREMAN, B. H., & Walsh, K. (2005) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1097/01.alc.0000167958.68586.3d · Cited by 123
Metadata
- Authors
- Xin, X., He, J., Frontini, M. G., Ogden, L. G., Motsamai, O. I., & Whelton, P. K.
- Affiliations
- Tulane University (US)
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (X.X., J.H., O.I.M., P.K.W.) and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, and Department of Medicine (J.H., P.K.W.), School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, La; and Louisiana State Office of Public Health (M.G.F.), New Orleans.
- Venue
- Hypertension
- Published
- 2001-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1112-1117
- ISSN
- 0194-911X (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4563
- OpenAlex
- W2106224378
- Cited by
- 738
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 53
- FWCI
- 2.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hypertension (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01hl060300-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL60300)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Sodium Intake and Health
- Keywords
- alcohol consumption reduction, blood pressure, heavy drinking, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, dose-response relationship, lifestyle modification, hypertension prevention, antihypertensive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alcohol Drinking, Blood Pressure, Female, Humans, Hypertension, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Publication Bias
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