Covert speech arrest induced by rTMS over both motor and nonmotor left hemisphere frontal sites
Abstract
Blocking the capacity to speak aloud (overt speech arrest, SA) may be induced by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). The possibility, however, of blocking internal speech (covert SA) has not been explored. To investigate this issue, we conducted two rTMS experiments. In the first experiment, we stimulated two left frontal lobe sites. The first was a motor site (left posterior site) and the second was a nonmotor site located in correspondence to the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) (left anterior site). The corresponding right hemisphere nonmotor SA site was stimulated as a control. In the second experiment, we focused on the right hemisphere and stimulated a right hemisphere motor site (right posterior site), and, as control sites, a right hemisphere nonmotor site corresponding to the IFG (right anterior site) and a left hemisphere anteromedial site (left control). For both experiments, participants performed a syllable counting task both covertly and overtly for each stimulation site. Longer latencies in this task imply the occurrence of an overt and/or covert SA. All participants showed significantly longer latencies when stimulation was either over the left posterior or the left anterior site, as compared with the right hemisphere site (Experiment 1). This result was observed for the overt and covert speech task alike. During stimulation of the posterior right hemisphere site, a dissociation for overt and covert speech was observed. An overt SA was observed but there was no evidence for a covert SA (Experiment 2). Taken together, the results show that rTMS can induce a covert SA when applied to areas over the brain that are pertinent to language. Furthermore, both the left posterior/motor site and the left anterior/IFG site appear to be essential to language elaboration even when motor output is not required.
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Single pulse TMS can induce 'covert speech arrest' by stimulating either motor or non-motor language areas in the inferior frontal gyrus in the left hemisphere, but not right hemispheric non-motor language areas.
“Aziz-Zadeh et al. (2005) were able to induce ‘covert speech arrest’ by stimulating either motor or non-motor language areas in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in the left hemisphere, but not right hemispheric non-motor language areas.”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Aziz-Zadeh et al., 2005
Currently, most studies of inner speech rely on asking participants to repeat sentences to themselves or to count syllables.
“Currently, most studies rely on asking participants to repeat sentences to themselves (e.g. McGuire et al., 1995) or requiring participants to count syllables (e.g. Aziz-Zadeh et al., 2005).”
From Auditory verbal hallucinations as atypical inner speech monitoring, and the potential of neurostimulation as a treatment option (2013) · cites this paper as Aziz-Zadeh et al., 2005
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- Authors
- Aziz-Zadeh, L., Cattaneo, L., Rochat, M., & Rizzolatti, G.
- Affiliations
- Università di Parma, Italy
- University of Parma (IT)
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2005-06-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 928-938
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2158857109
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 3.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Iris (University of Trento) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Stuttering Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- inner speech, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, left hemisphere, inferior frontal gyrus, motor cortex, language processing, syllable counting, hemispheric lateralization
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Electric Stimulation, Electromagnetic Fields, Female, Humans, Language, Functional Laterality, Male, Motor Cortex, Movement, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Speech, Thinking
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