Neural dynamics of learning sound-action associations

“The posterior parietal mask was based on the combined superior and inferior parietal regions as defined by the automatic anatomical labelling (aal) template [32] implemented through the WFU Pick atlas (http://www.fmri. wfubmc.edu/) software [33,34].”

“for matching action perception with action execution, as well as action recognition [9,10,43].”

“for matching action perception with action execution, as well as action recognition [9,10,43].”

“for matching action perception with action execution, as well as action recognition [9,10,43].”

“This motor resonance independent of semantics dovetails with Liberman’s, ‘Motor Theory of Speech Perception’ [26]–a theory of speech which posits phonemes as the interface between the perception and the production of language.”

“Specifically, those regions within the motor system that are known to be involved in performing complex gestures of the primary affectors, the hand and orofacial muscles such as the ventral premotor cortex [2–6].”

“BA44 is also active during the observation of mouth and hand actions, either when they are object directed or they have a communicative character [27–29].”

“Accordingly, a reduction of BOLD signal is an expected outcome of learning [47].”

“Activations in the r-ITG are often generated by observing body parts or point light biological motion [52,53].”

“The MNS has been proposed as playing a key role in the evolution of language [11–15] and subsequently to social cognition at an even more general level [16].”

“However, V5 activations were also reported in the study by Puce [56] during which subjects observed eye and mouth movements.”

“Why, however, does the parietal component of the MNS show this relationship rather than the ventral pre-motor component of the MNS? It has been suggested that two parallel dorsal visual streams may exist: a dorso-dorsal stream and a ventro-dorsal stream, which pass through the superior and inferior parietal lobules, r…”

“This, as well as the lack of activation in the multi-sensory regions of the superior temporal sulcus sensitive to human movement [54–56] might be due to the stimuli not having common features across modalities [57].”

“Specifically, those regions within the motor system that are known to be involved in performing complex gestures of the primary affectors, the hand and orofacial muscles such as the ventral premotor cortex [2–6].”

“However, compared to learning novel, more finely tuned movements such as playing guitar chords [28], or piano sequences [37] our task requires minimal effort and is only practised briefly in the scanner.”

“data [19], support the notion of a ‘‘phonological resonance’’ allowing for an automatic recruitment of motor structures active during speech production and also during speech processing.”

“As hearing speech elicits muscle activity in the tongue muscles [17].”

“The full method [35] consisted of extracting the fMRI time series and deconvolving the seed’s BOLD signal to gain an approximation of the underlying neuronal signal.”

“system [21–25].”

“Left BA44 (Broca’s area) is best known for both covert and overt speech production [38] but also for the production of complex hand movements [ 2 ,48].”

“However, compared to learning novel, more finely tuned movements such as playing guitar chords [28], or piano sequences [37] our task requires minimal effort and is only practised briefly in the scanner.”

“Specifically, those regions within the motor system that are known to be involved in performing complex gestures of the primary affectors, the hand and orofacial muscles such as the ventral premotor cortex [2–6].”

“studies demonstrated that seeing and hearing words recruits parts of the motor system actually involved in the production of these same words [17–19].”

“The MNS has been proposed as playing a key role in the evolution of language [11–15] and subsequently to social cognition at an even”

“homologue of monkey area F5 [8,9], a main component of a system coined as the mirror neuron system (MNS) [9,10].”

“This, as well as the lack of activation in the multi-sensory regions of the superior temporal sulcus sensitive to human movement [54–56] might be due to the stimuli not having common features across modalities [57].”

“The MFG is consistently activated during working memory tasks [59] and plays a primary role in memory storage [60].”

“As we had a strong a-priori hypothesis focused upon BA44, a mask created from the cytoarchitectonic maps of BA44 [31] was applied which included all voxels with .”

“and fully described in the legend. The key event in the paradigm, is the ‘sound only’ event during the test blocks of the learning sessions. These events occurred regularly throughout the learning process, allowing us to identify parametric modulation of response to the sound by learning”

“The MNS has been proposed as playing a key role in the evolution of language [11–15] and subsequently to social cognition at an even”

“Activations in the r-ITG are often generated by observing body parts or point light biological motion [52,53].”

“Indeed, such results illustrate a process akin to repetition suppression [41,42], which indicates that a neural network required to encode and process the stimuli becomes sparser, but”

“The MNS has been proposed as playing a key role in the evolution of language [11–15] and subsequently to social cognition at an even”

“Specifically, those regions within the motor system that are known to be involved in performing complex gestures of the primary affectors, the hand and orofacial muscles such as the ventral pre-motor cortex [2–6].”

“The MFG is consistently activated during working memory tasks [59] and plays a primary role in memory storage [60].”

“Indeed, such results illustrate a process akin to repetition suppression [41,42], which indicates that a neural network required to encode and process the stimuli becomes sparser, but”

“In several studies it has been shown that decreasing BOLD activation occurs with learning [44,45].”

“Left BA44 (Broca’s area) is best known for both covert and overt speech production [38] but also for the production of complex hand movements [2,48].”

“, in viewing actions or hearing action words [63].”

“Right BA44 is a good candidate for undertaking the association between hand movements and tones as it is known to be commonly activated when studying the tonal aspects of tonal languages [50,51].”

“Right BA44 is a good candidate for undertaking the association between hand movements and tones as it is known to be commonly activated when studying the tonal aspects of tonal languages [50,51].”

“Additionally, words such as ‘kick’ or ‘punch’ activate appropriate limb muscles [20].”

“Not only words, but also meaningful sounds can activate the motor system [21–25].”

“The MNS has been proposed as playing a key role in the evolution of language [11–15] and subsequently to social cognition at an even more general level [16].”

“system [21–25].”

“Strong activations of the whole r-ITG area including and surrounding V5 were observed [58].”

“Correlation analysis between time courses of BA44 area and lIPL (within MNS) were compared to correlations between MNS and ‘other’ regions using appropriate t-tests of Fisher-transformedPearson’s R values [40].”

“Left BA44 (Broca’s area) is best known for both covert and overt speech production [38] but also for the production of complex hand movements [2,48].”

“fundamental principle of biological systems [1], reduction in”

“If the hypothesis held true that language recruited the same sensorimotor areas as for action and interaction, motor areas should display the same somatotopy for processing language as for processing actions.”

“observed convergence of the sound and sight of hand actions as a generic feature of the mirror-neuron system recruitment. Here, we were interested in the effect of visual experience of watching dance, which includes enjoyment, conveyance of meaning, and emotion. This was measured by the effect of live dance performanc…”

“…et al., 2005), it may play a role in mapping of the acoustic-phonetic cues into lexical representations and the articulatory-gestural representation of a sample auditory stimulus for syllable production (Bohland and Guenther, 2006; Guenther et al., 2006; Jardri et al., 2007; McNamara et al., 2008).”

“…and the FPMC, which is a critical assumption of our hierarchical model of imitation learning (for a related analysis in learning sound-action associations, see McNamara et al., 2008; and for a conectivity analysis of the network involved in imitative response inhibition, see Bien et al., 2009).”

“These left IPL and IFG are involved in associating gestural movements with human-produced sounds: they are thought to play a role in interpreting realized goals of observed prehensile actions (Grèzes et al., 2003; Johnson-Frey et al., 2003, 2005; Lewis et al., 2005; Lahav et al., 2007; McNamara et al., 2008), and are…”

“, movement that is paired with the auditory cue) (McNamara et al., 2008).”

“…for A or V. Theoretically, increased coherence can be postulated at the low level of unisensory processing (A and V), at the level of multisensory integration (AV; Grosbras, Beaton, & Eickhoff, 2011) or at the level of action understanding (fronto-parietal; Grafton, 2009; McNamara et al., 2008).”

“heard sound to oneʼs own repertoire of meaningful soundproducing motor actions (Engel et al., 2009; Aglioti, Cesari, Romani, & Urgesi, 2008; Galati et al., 2008; McNamara et al., 2008; Pazzaglia, Pizzamiglio, Pes, & Aglioti, 2008; Lahav et al., 2007; Gazzola et al., 2006; Lewis et al., 2005, 2006; Bidet-Caulet et al.,…”

“in the human cortical hemispheres show strong lateralizations that are proposed to have their origins in gestural networks (Johannesson, 1950; Hewes, 1973; Grigor'eva and Deriagina, 1987; Corballis, 1999; Li et al., 2000; Zatorre et al., 2002; McNamara et al., 2008; Morillon et al., 2010), which in turn are thought to…”

“Indeed, neuroimaging studies that have examined the neural correlates underlying the learning of new arbitrary conditional associations demonstrate decreases in VL-PFC activity as a function of learning (Toni et al., 2001b, 2002b; Eliassen et al., 2003; McNamara et al., 2008; Brovelli et al., 2008).”

“The right OFC activity was negatively associated with an improvement in learning performance, such that the reduced activity showed greater improvement in the judgment task [78].”

“…Bellebaum et al. (2013) recently showed that the perception of manipulable novel objects is modulated by sensorimotor experience and involves frontoparietal regions (see also Catmur et al., 2008; McNamara et al., 2008; Catmur, Walsh, & Heyes, 2007; Weisberg, van Turennout, & Martin, 2007).”

“However, many earlier human neuroimaging studies using human-produced sound stimuli, which in adult listeners tend to inherently entail complex semantic associations, likely recruited brain regions well outside of auditory cortex proper for processing higher order cognitive information, including linguistic features,…”

“McNamara et al. (2008) found that brain activity showed negative correlation with behavioral performance during sound–action association learning.”

“…foci Number of foci 43 62 First author Year Experimental code and abbreviated task 682 177 148 325 Brief description of experimental paradigm 43 70 McNamara 2008 Table (BA44 and IPL) 12 2 2 4 Videos of meaningless hand gestures and synthetic tone sounds: Increases in functional connectivity with…”