Cited by 233Virtual Reality Applications and ImpactsAdvanced Optical Imaging TechnologiesSocial Robot Interaction and HRI

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Effects of Sensory Information and Prior Experience on Direct Subjective Ratings of Presence

Freeman, Jonathan, Avons, S. E., Pearson, Don E., IJsselsteijn, Wijnand A.·1999·Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments

DOI 10.1162/105474699566017

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Abstract

We report three experiments using a new form of direct subjective presence evaluation that was developed from the method of continuous assessment used to assess television picture quality. Observers were required to provide a continuous rating of their sense of presence using a handheld slider. The first experiment investigated the effects of manipulating stereoscopic and motion parallax cues within video sequences presented on a 20 in. stereoscopic CRT display. The results showed that the presentation of both stereoscopic and motion parallax cues was associated with higher presence ratings. One possible interpretation of Experiment 1 is that CRT displays that contain the spatial cues of stereoscopic disparity and motion parallax are more interesting or engaging. To test this, observers in Experiment 2 rated the same stimuli first for interest and then for presence. The results showed that variations in interest did not predict the presence ratings obtained in Experiment 1. However, the subsequent ratings of presence differed significantly from those obtained in Experiment 1, suggesting that prior experience with interest ratings affected subsequent judgments of presence. To test this, Experiment 3 investigated the effects of prior experience on presence ratings. Three groups of observers rated a training sequence for interest, presence, and 3-Dness before rating the same stimuli as used for Experiments 1 and 2 for presence. The results demonstrated that prior ratings sensitize observers to different features of a display resulting in different presence ratings. The implications of these results for presence evaluation are discussed, and a combination of more-refined subjective measures and a battery of objective measures is recommended.

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Being There: The Subjective Experience of Presence
Heeter, C. (1992) · PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality · doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.2.262 · Cited by 1,457
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Sheridan, T. B. (1992) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.120 · Cited by 1,344 · cited 3×
“The major analyses have come from Sheridan (1992), Ellis (1996), Slater and Usoh (1994), Heeter (1992), and Welch, Blackmon, Liu, Mellers, and Stark (1996).”
Background
Depth of Presence in Virtual Environments
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Zeltzer, D. (1992) · Presence - Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.127 · Cited by 454
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Hendrix, C., & Barfield, W. (1996) · Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.3.274 · Cited by 331
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Welch, R., Blackmon, T., Liu, A., Mellers, B., & Stark, L. (1996) · Presence - Teleoperators and Virtual Environments · doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.3.263 · Cited by 316
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Barfield, W., & Zeltzer, D. (1995) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195075557.003.0023 · Cited by 272

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Authors: Freeman, J., Avons, S. E., Pearson, D. E., & IJsselsteijn, W. A.
Affiliations: University of Essex (GB)
Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
ORCID: Freeman, Jonathan
IJsselsteijn, Wijnand A.
Venue: Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Publisher: MIT Press - Journals
Published: 1999-02
Volume: 8
Issue: 1
Pages: 1-13
ISSN: 1054-7460 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1162/105474699566017
OpenAlex: W2128892972
Cited by: 233
References: 22
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 9
FWCI: 13.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PRESENCE Virtual and Augmented Reality (publishedVersion)
Goldsmiths (University of London) (acceptedVersion)
TU/e Research Portal (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Media Technology › Advanced Optical Imaging Technologies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
Keywords: presence, continuous assessment, stereoscopic display, motion parallax, stereoscopic disparity, prior experience, sensory cues, CRT display

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Effects of Sensory Information and Prior Experience on Direct Subjective Ratings of Presence

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