Retrieval orientation and the control of recollection: an fMRI study

“05, this was combined with a cluster extent threshold of 65 contiguous voxels, determined using the AlphaSim Monte Carlo simulation tool from AFNI (Analysis for Functional NeuroImaging, afni.nimh. nih.gov/; Cox, 1996).”

“Before the appearance of the first item in each list the phrase “GET READY” appeared.”

“In the other block, positive responses were made to test items corresponding to pictures, and items corresponding to words were classified along with the new items.”

“According to the principle of transfer appropriate processing, the greater this overlap, the more likely is it that retrieval will succeed (Morris et al., 1977).”

“During the study phases, participants performed one of two tasks according to whether the stimulus presented was a picture or a word.”

“Old/new effects in this region are reported as consistently as those in lateral parietal regions (see Kim, 2011; Cabeza et al., 2008; Vilberg & Rugg, 2008b; Skinner & Femandes, 2007; Wagner et al., 2005, for reviews).”

“…about a prior episode (recollection), rather than with recognition memory based on an acontextual sense of familiarity (Vilberg & Rugg, 2008b; Rugg & Curran, 2007) and that the magnitude of both ERP and fMRI effects covaries with the amount of information recollected (Vilberg & Rugg, 2007).”

“Old/new effects in this region are reported as consistently as those in lateral parietal regions (see Kim, 2011; Cabeza et al., 2008; Vilberg & Rugg, 2008b; Skinner & Femandes, 2007; Wagner et al., 2005, for reviews).”

“Consistent with evidence implicating left opercular and medial frontal cortex in control of retrieval (Ranganath, Heller, & Wilding, 2007; Gilboa et al., 2006; Simons, Owen, Fletcher, & Burgess, 2005; Dobbins, Rice, Wagner, & Schacter, 2003; Moscovitch, 1992), the nontarget old/new effects evident in these regions (Fi…”

“Pre-eminent among these effects was a robust “left parietal” old/new effect, widely held to be a neural signature of successful episodic recollection (Rugg & Curran, 2007; Curran, 2000; Rugg et al., 1998).”

“Parameter estimates for each covariate were calculated from the weighted least squares fit of the model to the data, after prewhitening based on an AR(1) plus white noise model (Friston et al., 2002).”

“Pre-eminent among these effects was a robust “left parietal” old/new effect, widely held to be a neural signature of successful episodic recollection (Rugg & Curran, 2007; Curran, 2000; Rugg et al., 1998).”

“Moreover, the magnitude of both the ERP and the fMRI effects covaries not merely with whether an item is recollected or not, but with the amount of information that is recollected (Guerin & Miller, 2011; Vilberg & Rugg, 2007, 2008a, 2009; Vilberg, Moosavi, & Rugg, 2006).”

“…retrieval occurs when a retrieval cue overlaps sufficiently with a stored memory representation to lead to the reactivation (reinstatement) of the encoded information (Morris, Bransford, & Franks, 1977; Tulving & Thomson, 1973; Tulving & Osler, 1968; see Rugg, Johnson, Park, & Uncapher, 2008).”

“Consistent with evidence implicating left opercular and medial frontal cortex in control of retrieval (Ranganath, Heller, & Wilding, 2007; Gilboa et al., 2006; Simons, Owen, Fletcher, & Burgess, 2005; Dobbins, Rice, Wagner, & Schacter, 2003; Moscovitch, 1992), the nontarget old/new effects evident in these regions (Fi…”

“…overlap between the processing engaged by an episode when it was initially experienced and the processing later engaged by a retrieval cue: The greater the overlap, the greater the likelihood of retrieval (Morris et al., 1977; Tulving & Thomson, 1973; see Goh & Lu, 2012; Nairne, 2002, for caveats).”

“Old/new effects in this region are reported as consistently as those in lateral parietal regions (see Kim, 2011; Cabeza et al., 2008; Vilberg & Rugg, 2008b; Skinner & Femandes, 2007; Wagner et al., 2005, for reviews).”

“…about a prior episode (recollection), rather than with recognition memory based on an acontextual sense of familiarity (Vilberg & Rugg, 2008b; Rugg & Curran, 2007) and that the magnitude of both ERP and fMRI effects covaries with the amount of information recollected (Vilberg & Rugg, 2007).”

“In the earlier fMRI studies, the new item effects were interpreted as reflecting material-specific cue-processing strategies leading to the generation of cue representations that maximally overlapped with targeted memory representations, for example, by focusing on the visual or phonological features of a test word wh…”

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“…full versus partial overlap between the study items and retrieval cues, which more than counteracted the “picture superiority effect” that would have been observed if picture memory had been tested for using “copy cues” (Mintzer & Snodgrass, 1999; Stenberg, Radeborg, & Hedman, 1995; Madigan, 1983).”

“…cortex, extending ventrally from the vicinity of the intraparietal sulcus (BA 7) into the supramarginal and angular gyri (BA 40/BA 39), consistent with numerous prior studies (see Kim, 2011; Cabeza et al., 2008; Vilberg & Rugg, 2008b; Skinner & Femandes, 2007; Wagner et al., 2005, for reviews).”

“Moreover, the magnitude of both the ERP and the fMRI effects covaries not merely with whether an item is recollected or not, but with the amount of information that is recollected (Guerin & Miller, 2011; Vilberg & Rugg, 2007, 2008a, 2009; Vilberg, Moosavi, & Rugg, 2006).”

“…that also demonstrate that retrieval cue processing can vary according to the specificity of the sought-for information (Johnson, Kounios, & Nolde, 1997; see also Ranganath & Paller, 1999) or the nature of the encoding operations (Dzulkifli &Wilding, 2005; Dzulkifli, Sharpe, &Wilding, 2004).”

“…full versus partial overlap between the study items and retrieval cues, which more than counteracted the “picture superiority effect” that would have been observed if picture memory had been tested for using “copy cues” (Mintzer & Snodgrass, 1999; Stenberg, Radeborg, & Hedman, 1995; Madigan, 1983).”

“…& Paller, 1999), we suggest that the asymmetry observed between the word and picture tasks in this study and those of Johnson and Rugg (2006) and Herron and Rugg (2003a) is attributable to the differing opportunities available in each task to minimize representational overlap between the…”

“As suggested previously (Herron & Rugg, 2003a; Robb & Rugg, 2002), the greater accuracy for word targets likely reflects the beneficial effects of full versus partial overlap between the study items and retrieval cues, which more than counteracted the “picture superiority effect” that would have…”

“Moreover, the magnitude of both the ERP and the fMRI effects covaries not merely with whether an item is recollected or not, but with the amount of information that is recollected (Guerin & Miller, 2011; Vilberg & Rugg, 2007, 2008a, 2009; Vilberg, Moosavi, & Rugg, 2006).”

“The findings raise the question: What determines when recollection can be gated to prevent the retrieval of irrelevant information? A key factor may be the degree of overlap between the representations derived from a retrieval cue and stored memory representations (Hornberger et al., 2004; Herron & Rugg, 2003a).”

“In a series of studies from our laboratory (Johnson & Rugg, 2006; Hornberger, Morcom, & Rugg, 2004; Morcom & Rugg, 2004; Herron & Rugg, 2003a; Robb & Rugg, 2002), ERPs elicited by physically identical un- studied recognition memory test items (typically, words) were contrasted according to the…”

“…opportunities available in each task to minimize representational overlap between the retrieval cues and nontarget memory representations (see also Dzulkifli, Herron, & Wilding, 2006; Dzulkifli & Wilding, 2005; Herron & Wilding, 2005; Herron & Rugg, 2003b; Dywan, Segalowitz, & Webster, 1998).”

“tasks (Mecklinger, 2010; Dzulkifli & Wilding, 2005; Herron & Wilding, 2005; Dzulkifli et al., 2004; Herron & Rugg, 2003b; Ranganath & Paller, 1999), we suggest that the asymmetry observed between the word and picture tasks in this study and those of Johnson and Rugg (2006) and Herron and Rugg (2003a) is attributable t…”

“On the basis of previous ERP findings, we predicted that in the word task, recollectionrelated effects would be found for target information only.”

“Moreover, the magnitude of both the ERP and the fMRI effects covaries not merely with whether an item is recollected or not, but with the amount of information that is recollected (Guerin & Miller, 2011; Vilberg & Rugg, 2007, 2008a, 2009; Vilberg, Moosavi, & Rugg, 2006).”

“…activity in left inferior parietal cortex elicited by items corresponding to nontargets will be attenuated relative to the activity elicited by items corresponding both to targets and to nontargets when pictures are the target material (see Herron & Wilding, 2005, for a similar line of argument).”

“tasks (Mecklinger, 2010; Dzulkifli & Wilding, 2005; Herron & Wilding, 2005; Dzulkifli et al., 2004; Herron & Rugg, 2003b; Ranganath & Paller, 1999), we suggest that the asymmetry observed between the word and picture tasks in this study and those of Johnson and Rugg (2006) and Herron and Rugg (2003a) is attributable t…”

“…targeted memory representations, for example, by focusing on the visual or phonological features of a test word when the targets were visually or auditorily studied words, respectively (Hornberger et al., 2006a; Woodruff et al., 2006; see also McDuff, Frankel, & Norman, 2009; Jacoby et al., 2005).”

“The ROI analyses revealed increased new item activity in the word task in areas previously reported to show enhanced new item activity when, relative to pictures, either visual (Woodruff et al., 2006) or auditory (Hornberger et al., 2006a) words were targeted.”

“…& Rugg, 2003b; Ranganath & Paller, 1999), we suggest that the asymmetry observed between the word and picture tasks in this study and those of Johnson and Rugg (2006) and Herron and Rugg (2003a) is attributable to the differing opportunities available in each task to minimize…”

“…the number of details recalled in older and young adults, the CI did not eliminate age differences in memory (e.g., Dornburg & McDaniel, 2006; Holliday et al., 2012; Prescott et al., 2011; Wright & Holliday, 2007; though see Mello & Fisher, 1996, and Memon et al., 2010, for alternative evidence).”

“Retrieval orientation refers to a goal-directed processing strategy that individuals invoke when presented with a retrieval cue (Rugg and Wilding, 2000; Morcom and Rugg, 2012).”

“Based on this body of work, we have suggested that the ESI impacts episodic retrieval orientation—a flexible, goaldirected strategy for retrieving an episode when presented with a cue (Morcom and Rugg 2012).”

“We have previously suggested (6) that the specificity induction leads individuals to focus on episodic details related to places, people, and actions of an event or scene and thus targets the process of retrieval orientation—a goal-directed strategy for retrieving an episode in a more or less specific way when present…”

“In addition, several studies have reported increased bilateral DLPFC during context vs. item retrieval, which is thought to reflect greater involvement of post-retrieval strategic processing (Morcom and Rugg, 2012; Rajah et al., 2008; Rajah et al., 2010; Spaniol et al., 2009).”

“Based on this evidence, we have argued (e.g., Madore et al., 2014) that the specificity induction biases the retrieval orientation (Morcom & Rugg, 2012) that participants adopt during task performance in such a way that they focus on episodic details related to objects, people, places, and actions.”

“Prior research has shown that changes in how retrieval cues are processed can bias neural activity prior to and during episodic memory retrieval (e.g., Herron and Rugg, 2003; Hornberger et al., 2006; Morcom and Rugg, 2012).”

“Sometimes, it is possible to prevent recollection of nontargeted information entirely (gating; e.g., Morcom & Rugg, 2012).”

“…cognitive control of episodic retrieval via the presence of stimulus-locked orientation effects in conjunction with neural evidence of ‘strategic retrieval’ (Herron and Rugg, 2003; Dzulkifli and Wilding, 2005; Dzulkiflil et al., 2006; Morcom and Rugg, 2012; Rosburg et al., 2013; Mao et al., 2017).”

“In addition, it has been reported that a specificity induction manipulation, which fosters a strategy of retrieving episodic details (Morcom and Rugg, 2012), leads to an increase in both AUT and future imagination abilities (Madore et al., 2014, 2016).”

“, 2014) and with the strategic recollection of task relevant information at the expense of less relevant information (e.g. Herron and Rugg, 2003; Dzulkifli and Wilding, 2005; Morcom and Rugg, 2012).”

“…2009; Dzulkifli & Wilding, 2005; Herron & Rugg, 2003; Hornberger, Morcom, & Rugg, 2004; Johnson & McGhee, 2015; McDuff, Frankel, & Norman, 2009; Morcom & Rugg, 2012; Rosburg, Johansson, & Mecklinger, 2013; Rosburg, Johansson, Sprondel, & Mecklinger, 2014; Werkle-Bergner, Mecklinger, Kray,…”

“Such cue-dependent retrieval then increases access to memories from the target context while preventing intrusions from other contexts from coming to mind (Herron and Rugg, 2003; Morcom and Rugg, 2012).”

“The first effect, which distributes over the central-frontal region during the epoch of approximately 300–500 ms post-stimulus onset (usually largest around 400 ms), manifests waveforms evoked by the correctly rejected novel items that are more negative-going than those by the accurately discriminated old ones, and th…”

“Alternative interpretation and potential caveats An alternative interpretation would be that the ESI does not facilitate sensorimotor simulation of trace-specific features, but instead bias the retrieval orientation (Madore et al., 2019; see also Herron & Rugg, 2003; Morcom & Rugg, 2012).”

“While retrieval orientation has traditionally been studied using manipulations of cue modality or semantic content ( Dobbins & Wagner, 2005; Herron & Rugg, 2003; Morcom & Rugg, 2012), it has rarely been applied to AM.”

“…an object was previously studied with a size judgment, previously studied with a living/nonliving judgment, or is new (Hard condition; old subjects) Morcom & Rugg, 2012 18 Judging whether a word was previously studied with a word format, previously studied with a picture format, or is new (Target…”

“ERPs were more positive-going in the conditions with the greatest cue-target overlap, extending previous findings from studies with one copy-cue condition (Herron & Rugg, 2003a; Hornberger et al., 2004; see also Morcom & Rugg, 2012).”

“Both univariate activation (Elward and Rugg 2015; Morcom and Rugg 2012) and multivariate reinstatement (Favila et al. 2018; Kuhl et al. 2013; McDuff et al. 2009) have been shown to be stronger for experimental events or event features designated as task-relevant.”

“…findings confirm that the ESI technique functioned as intended in this sample, enhancing retrieval processes by promoting a detail-focused orientation that benefits both free recall and social problem-solving (Herron & Rugg, 2003; Morcom & Rugg, 2012; Rugg & Wilding, 2000; Schacter & Madore, 2016).”