Constructive episodic simulation: dissociable effects of a specificity induction on remembering, imagining, and describing in young and older adults
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According to the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis (Schacter & Addis, 2007), both remembered past and imagined future events rely heavily on episodic memory. An alternative hypothesis is that observed similarities between remembering and imagining reflect the influence of broader factors such as descriptive ability, narrative style, or inhibitory control. We attempted to distinguish between these 2 hypotheses by examining the impact of an episodic specificity induction on memory, imagination, and picture description in young and older adults. In Experiment 1, participants received the specificity induction or a control induction prior to the memory, imagination, and description tasks. Older adults provided fewer internal (i.e., episodic) and more external (i.e., semantic) details than young adults across the 3 tasks irrespective of induction. Critically, however, the specificity induction selectively increased internal but not external details for memory and imagination in both age groups compared with the control induction. By contrast, the induction did not affect internal (or external) details for picture description. Experiment 2 replicated these results in young adults using a different control induction. Our findings point to a dissociation between episodic processes involved in memory and imagination and nonepisodic processes involved in picture description.
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Previous work showed that an episodic specificity induction selectively boosts the number of episodic details on subsequent remembering and future imagining tasks, with no effect on semantic details.
“Previous work had shown that the specificity induction selectively boosts the number of episodic details that participants provide on subsequent tasks that require remembering past experiences and imagining future experiences, while having no effect on the number of semantic details that participants provide on such tasks ([73]; for review, see [74]).”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [73]
Experiment 1 (Results) and Experiment 2 (Results and Discussion) report increased internal, episodic details on both memory and imagination tasks, with no significant change in external details. The Coding section defines external details as semantic, repetitive, or off-topic; because semantic details were not reported separately, the paper does not establish the claimed lack of effect on semantic details specifically. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSeveral experiments have shown that an episodic specificity induction selectively dissociates the contributions of episodic retrieval to future imagining from non-episodic factors such as semantic retrieval and narrative style.
“several experiments have shown that the ESI selectively dissociates the contributions of episodic retrieval to future imagining from such non-episodic factors as semantic retrieval and narrative style.”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [37]
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Activating episodic simulation increases affective empathy
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- Authors
- Madore, K. P., Gaesser, B., & Schacter, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 609-622
- ISSN
- 0278-7393 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1285
- PMC
- PMC4006318
- OpenAlex
- W2165012907
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 6.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (AG08441)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, mental imagery, picture description, age differences, older adults, semantic memory, narrative style, inhibitory control
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aged, Aging, Female, Humans, Imagination, Male, Middle Aged, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Mental Recall, Semantics, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
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