Remembering the past and imagining the future: selective effects of an episodic specificity induction on detail generation
Open accessAbstract
According to the constructive episodic simulation hypothesis, remembering past experiences and imagining future experiences both rely heavily on episodic memory. However, recent research indicates that nonepisodic processes such as descriptive ability also influence memory and imagination. We recently found that an episodic specificity induction—brief training in recollecting details of past experiences—enhanced detail generation on memory and imagination tasks but not a picture description task and thereby concluded that the induction can dissociate episodic processes involved in remembering the past and imagining the future from those nonepisodic processes involved in description. To evaluate the generality of our previous findings and to examine the role of generative search in producing those findings, we modified our paradigm so that word cues replaced picture cues, and a word comparison task that requires generation of sentences and word definitions replaced picture description. Young adult participants received either a specificity induction or one of two control inductions before completing the memory, imagination, and word comparison tasks. Replicating and extending our previous work, we found that the specificity induction increased detail generation in memory and imagination without having an effect on word comparison. The induction's selective effect on memory and imagination stemmed from an increase in internal (i.e., on-topic and episodic) details and had no effect on external (e.g., off-topic or semantic) details. The results point to the efficacy of the specificity induction for isolating episodic processes involved in remembering the past and imagining the future even when a nonepisodic task requires generative search.
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The ESI results were replicated in a subsequent experiment using different cues and procedures.
“These results were replicated in a subsequent experiment using different cues and procedures (97)”
From Episodic Future Thinking: Mechanisms and Functions (2017) · cites this paper as [97]
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- Authors
- Madore, K. P., & Schacter, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Madore, Kevin P.
- Venue
- Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 285-298
- ISSN
- 0033-555X (ISSN-L)
- 1747-0218
- 1747-0226
- PMC
- PMC4545482
- OpenAlex
- W1995849331
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 4.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH060941)
- National Institute on Aging (AG08441)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory, mental imagery, recollection, generative search, word comparison, remembering the past, future thinking
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Association, Cues, Female, Humans, Imagination, Judgment, Male, Reaction Time, Mental Recall, Semantics, Vocabulary, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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