Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 637

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Tipping and the Dynamics of Segregation*

Card, David, Mas, Alexandre, Rothstein, Jesse·2008·Quarterly Journal of Economics

Abstract

Schelling (“Dynamic Models of Segregation,” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 1 (1971), 143–186) showed that extreme segregation can arise from social interactions in white preferences: once the minority share in a neighborhood exceeds a “tipping point,” all the whites leave. We use regression discontinuity methods and Census tract data from 1970 through 2000 to test for discontinuities in the dynamics of neighborhood racial composition. We find strong evidence that white population flows exhibit tipping-like behavior in most cities, with a distribution of tipping points ranging from 5% to 20% minority share. Tipping is prevalent both in the suburbs and near existing minority enclaves. In contrast to white population flows, there is little evidence of nonlinearities in rents or housing prices around the tipping point. Tipping points are higher in cities where whites have more tolerant racial attitudes.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.177

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 3 references

Research works printed but not linked: 49

  1. Angrist, Joshua D., Guido Imbens, and Alan B. Krueger, "Jackknife Instrumental Variables Estimation," Journal of Applied Econometrics, 14 (January- February 1999), 57-67. · DOI · Paper page
  2. 10.1162/003355399556061 · DOI · Paper page
  3. 10.1162/003465397557132 · DOI · Paper page
  4. 10.1198/073500104000000334 · DOI · Paper page
  5. 10.1162/qjec.122.2.775 · DOI · Paper page
  6. 10.1086/522381 · DOI · Paper page
  7. Becker, Gary S., and Kevin M. Murphy, Social Economics: Market Behavior in a Social Environment (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press/Belknap, 2000). · DOI
  8. 10.1016/0094-1190(89)90019-3 · DOI
  9. 10.1525/sp.1972.19.3.03a00080 · doi:10.1525/sp.1972.19.3.03a00080
  10. Boustan, Leah P. "Was Postwar Suburbanization `White Flight'? Evidence from the Black Migration," UCLA Department of Economics unpublished manuscript, 2006. · doi:10.3386/w13543
  11. 10.1111/1467-937X.00168 · DOI · Paper page
  12. 10.1111/j.1475-682X.1986.tb00084.x · DOI
  13. Case, Anne C., and Lawrence F. Katz, "The Company You Keep: The Effects of Family and Neighborhood on Disadvantaged Youths," National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 3705, May 1991. · DOI · Paper page
  14. 10.1086/427462 · DOI · Paper page
  15. 10.2307/2061333 · DOI · Paper page
  16. 10.1016/0094-1190(79)90036-6 · doi:10.1016/0094-1190(79)90036-6
  17. 10.1002/pam.2022 · DOI
  18. Collins, William J., and Robert A. Margo, "The Labor Market Effects of the 1960s Riots," in Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2004, W. Gale and J. Pack, eds. (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 2004). · DOI
  19. Coleman James S., S., 1975, Urban Institute Paper No., 772, 91
  20. 10.2307/1885539 · DOI · Paper page
  21. 10.1086/250069 · DOI
  22. 10.2307/3144566 · doi:10.2307/3144566
  23. Duncan, Otis Dudley, and Beverly Duncan, The Negro Population of Chicago: A Study of Residential Succession (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1957).
  24. Easterly, William, "Empirics of Strategic Interdependence: The Case of the Racial Tipping Point," New York University DRI Working Paper No. 5, October 2005. · doi:10.2139/ssrn.507382
  25. 10.1086/261848 · DOI · Paper page
  26. 10.2307/2112408 · doi:10.2307/2112408
  27. Farley Reynolds, 1993, Journal of Housing Reseach, 4, 1
  28. 10.1006/juec.2001.2246 · doi:10.1006/juec.2001.2246
  29. Glaeser, Edward, Mathew Kahn, and Jordan Rappaport, "Why Do the Poor Live in Cities?" NBER Working Paper No. 7636, April 2000. · DOI
  30. 10.2307/2946686 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Glaeser, Edward L., and Jose A. Scheinkman, "Non-Market Interactions," in Advances in Economics and Econometrics: Theory and Applications, 8thWorld Congress, Vol. 1, M. Dewatripont, L. P. Hansen, and S. Turnovsky, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
  32. Gyourko, Joseph, Christopher Mayer, and Todd Sinai, "Superstar Cities," Working Paper, The Wharton School, June 2006. · doi:10.3386/w12355
  33. 10.1086/226707 · DOI · Paper page
  34. 10.1111/1468-0262.00183 · DOI · Paper page
  35. 10.1111/1468-0262.00124 · DOI · Paper page
  36. Laurenti, Luigi, Property Values and Race (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1960).
  37. Leamer, Edward., Specification Searches: Ad Hoc Inference with Non Experimental Data (New York: Wiley, 1978).
  38. 10.1214/aos/1032298290 · doi:10.1214/aos/1032298290
  39. 10.2307/2298123 · DOI · Paper page
  40. 10.1016/0094-1190(92)90058-S · DOI · Paper page
  41. Mieszkowski Peter, 1993, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7, 135, 10.1257/jep.7.3.135 · DOI · Paper page
  42. 10.1016/0094-1190(79)90032-9 · doi:10.1016/0094-1190(79)90032-9
  43. Rapkin, Chester, and William G. Grigsby, The Demand for Housing in Racially Mixed Areas (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1960).
  44. Reber Sarah J, 2005, Journal of Human Resources, 40, 559, 10.3368/jhr.XL.3.559 · DOI
  45. 10.1016/0094-1190(75)90041-8 · doi:10.1016/0094-1190(75)90041-8
  46. Saiz, Albert, and Susan Wachter, "Immigration and the Neighborhood," IZA Discussion Paper 2503, 2006. · doi:10.21799/frbp.wp.2006.22
  47. Schelling Thomas C, 1971, Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 1, 143, 10.1080/0022250X.1971.9989794 · DOI · Paper page
  48. Schuman, Howard, Charlotte Steeh, Lawrence D. Bobo, and Maria Krysan, Racial Attitudes in America: Trends and Interpretations (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
  49. Vogelmann James E, 2001, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 67, 650

Cited by

See all 637

Metadata

Authors
Card, D., Mas, A., & Rothstein, J.
Venue
Quarterly Journal of Economics
Published
2008-02
Volume
123
Issue
1
Pages
177-218
ISSN
  • 0033-5533 (ISSN-L)
  • 1531-4650
OpenAlex
W2107958285
Cited by
637
References
3
FWCI
104.54
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Tipping and the Dynamics of Segregation*. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.177
The paper
Card, D., Mas, A., & Rothstein, J. (2008). Tipping and the Dynamics of Segregation*. Quarterly Journal of Economics. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2008.123.1.177

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.