The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The American High School Graduation Rate: Trends and Levels
Open accessAbstract
This paper applies a unified methodology to multiple data sets to estimate both the levels and trends in U.S. high school graduation rates. We establish that (a) the true rate is substantially lower than widely used measures, (b) it peaked in the early 1970s, (c) majority-minority differentials are substantial and have not converged for 35 years, (d) lower post-1970 rates are not solely due to increasing immigrant and minority populations, (e) our findings explain part of the slowdown in college attendance and rising college wage premiums, and (f) widening graduation differentials by gender help explain increasing male-female college attendance gaps.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“About one in four American students drops out of formal schooling before receiving a high school diploma, and in recent decades the dropout rate has increased slightly (Heckman and LaFontaine [2010]).”
From Personality Psychology and Economics (2011) · cites this paper as Heckman and LaFontaine [2010]
In the citing paper
“Yet, a 2010 study by Heckman and Lafontaine found a steady decline in the high school graduation rates in the US since 1970s [57].”
From Long-term effects of mental disorders on educational attainment in the National Comorbidity Survey ten-year follow-up (2015) · cites this paper as [57]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Changes in Relative Wages, 1963-1987: Supply and Demand Factors
Katz, L. F., & Murphy, K. M. (1992) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/2118323 · Cited by 4,793
The effects of cognitive and noncognitive abilities on labor market outcomes and social behavior
Heckman, J. J., Stixrud, J., & Urzua, S. (2006) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/504455 · Cited by 4,427
Self-citationThe Effect of Education on Crime: Evidence from Prison Inmates, Arrests, and Self-Reports
Lochner, L., & Moretti, E. (2004) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282804322970751 · Cited by 2,032
Skill‐Biased Technological Change and Rising Wage Inequality: Some Problems and Puzzles
Card, D., & DiNardo, J. E. (2002) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/342055 · Cited by 1,714
Diverging destinies: How children are faring under the second demographic transition
McLanahan, S. (2004) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.2004.0033 · Cited by 1,554
The importance of noncognitive skills: lessons from the GED testing program
Heckman, J. J., & Rubinstein, Y. (2001) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.91.2.145 · Cited by 1,488
Self-citationHeckman, J. J. (2008) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00163.x · Cited by 1,079
Self-citationThe Homecoming of American College Women: The Reversal of the College Gender Gap
Goldin, C., Katz, L. F., & Kuziemko, I. (2006) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.20.4.133 · Cited by 1,010
The Silent Epidemic Perspectives of High School Dropouts
Hart, P. D., Bridgeland, J. M., DiIulio, J. J., & Morison, B. (2006) · Cited by 776
The Nonequivalence of High School Equivalents
Cameron, S. V., & Heckman, J. J. (1991) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w3804 · Cited by 448
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 31 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Aaronson Daniel, 2001, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago Economic Perspectives, 25, 53
- Chaplin Duncan, 2002, Education Next, 2, 24
- Finn Chester E., Jr., 1987, Public Interest, 87, 3
- Miao Jing, 2004, Education Policy Analysis Archives, 12, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2012) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2012.05.014 · Cited by 2,007
Self-citationPersonality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · Handbook of the economics of education · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53444-6.00001-8 · Cited by 1,412
Self-citationHeckman, J. J. (2008) · Economic Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.2008.00163.x · Cited by 1,079
Self-citationKautz, T., Heckman, J. J., Diris, R., ter Weel, B., & Borghans, L. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20749 · Cited by 825
Self-citationQuin, D. (2017) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654316669434 · Cited by 565
Ban the Box, Criminal Records, and Racial Discrimination: A Field Experiment*
Agan, A., & Starr, S. B. (2017) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1093/qje/qjx028 · Cited by 633
Personality Psychology and Economics
Almlund, M., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J., & Kautz, T. (2011) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w16822 · Cited by 540
Self-citationBound, J., Lovenheim, M. F., & Turner, S. (2010) · American Economic Journal: Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.2.3.129 · Cited by 213
Fostering and Measuring Skills
Kautz, T., Heckman, J. J., Diris, R., ter Weel, B., & Borghans, L. (2014) · OECD education working papers · doi:10.1787/5jxsr7vr78f7-en · Cited by 524
Self-citationWhat Does Human Capital Do? A Review of Goldin and Katz's The Race between Education and Technology
Acemoğlu, D., & Autor, D. (2012) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.50.2.426 · Cited by 364
Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. (2013) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1851 · Cited by 343
School Choice, School Quality, and Postsecondary Attainment
Deming, D. J., Hastings, J., Kane, T. J., & Staiger, D. O. (2014) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.104.3.991 · Cited by 335
Heckman, J. J., & Kautz, T. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18121 · Cited by 368
Self-citationThe Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13810 · Cited by 328
Self-citationVariation in the Heritability of Educational Attainment: An International Meta-Analysis
Branigan, A. R., McCallum, K. J., & Freese, J. (2013) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sot076 · Cited by 360
Heckman, J. J. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14064 · Cited by 331
Self-citationThe Economics and Psychology of Personality Traits
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.43.4.972 · Cited by 1,697
Self-citationThe Economics and Psychology of Personality TraitsPreprint
Borghans, L., Duckworth, A. L., Heckman, J. J., & ter Weel, B. (2008) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1135909 · Cited by 302
Self-citationBound, J., Lovenheim, M., & Turner, S. (2009) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15566 · Cited by 266
The Effect of Classmate Characteristics on Post-Secondary Outcomes: Evidence from the Add Health
Bifulco, R., Fletcher, J. M., & Ross, S. L. (2011) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.3.1.25 · Cited by 264
Advancing the Science and Practice of Social and Emotional Learning: Looking Back and Moving Forward
Osher, D., Kidron, Y., Brackett, M., Dymnicki, A., Jones, S., & Weissberg, R. P. (2016) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x16673595 · Cited by 304
U.S. High School Graduation Rates: Patterns and Explanations
Murnane, R. J. (2013) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.51.2.370 · Cited by 260
Finishing High School: Alternative Pathways and Dropout Recovery
Tyler, J. H., & Lofstrom, M. (2009) · The Future of Children · doi:10.1353/foc.0.0019 · Cited by 252
Why Are Men Falling Behind? Gender Gaps in College Performance and Persistence
Conger, D., & Long, M. C. (2010) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716209348751 · Cited by 232
The today and tomorrow of kids: Time preferences and educational outcomes of children
Castillo, M. E., Ferraro, P. J., Jordan, J. L., & Petrie, R. (2011) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.07.009 · Cited by 235
The Relationship Between Engagement and High School Dropout
Rumberger, R. W., & Rotermund, S. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7_24 · Cited by 256
Cornwell, C., Mustard, D. B., & Van Parys, J. (2013) · Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1353/jhr.2013.0002 · Cited by 222
Self-Regulation and School Success
Duckworth, A. L., & Carlson, S. M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139152198.015 · Cited by 228
Mojtabai, R., Stuart, E. A., Hwang, I., Eaton, W. W., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R. C. (2015) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-015-1083-5 · Cited by 215
Earnings Functions and Rates of Return
Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Todd, P. (2008) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/587037 · Cited by 207
Self-citationWhat Works to Improve the Quality of Student Learning in Developing Countries
Masino, S., & Niño-Zarazúa, M. (2015) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2015.11.012 · Cited by 231
Breslau, J., Miller, E., Joanie Chung, W.-J., & Schweitzer, J. B. (2011) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.06.014 · Cited by 183
Sutton, M. Y., Lasswell, S. M., Lanier, Y., & Miller, K. S. (2014) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.11.004 · Cited by 194
Earnings Functions and Rates of Return
Heckman, J. J., Lochner, L., & Todd, P. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w13780 · Cited by 183
Self-citationStressors and Turning Points in High School and Dropout
Dupéré, V., Leventhal, T., Dion, É., Crosnoe, R. L., Archambault, I., & Janosz, M. (2014) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654314559845 · Cited by 230
Deming, D. J., & Dynarski, S. (2008) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.22.3.71 · Cited by 170
Procrastination's Impact in the Workplace and the Workplace's Impact on Procrastination
Nguyen, B., Steel, P., & Ferrari, J. R. (2013) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12048 · Cited by 167
Leaving Boys Behind: Gender Disparities in High Academic Achievement
Fortin, N. M., Oreopoulos, P., & Phipps, S. (2013) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19331 · Cited by 160
Changes in the Characteristics of American Youth: Implications for Adult Outcomes
Altonji, J. G., Bharadwaj, P., & Lange, F. (2012) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/666536 · Cited by 158
What Does Human Capital Do? A Review of Goldin and Katz's The Race between Education and Technology
Acemoğlu, D., & Autor, D. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17820 · Cited by 156
The Black Gender Gap in Educational Attainment: Historical Trends and Racial Comparisons
McDaniel, A. E., DiPrete, T. A., Buchmann, C., & Shwed, U. (2011) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0037-0 · Cited by 152
Plank, S. B., DeLuca, S., & Estacion, A. (2008) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/003804070808100402 · Cited by 142
Grades and Graduation: A Longitudinal Risk Perspective to Identify Student Dropouts
Bowers, A. J. (2010) · The Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00220670903382970 · Cited by 140
Do Personality Traits Affect Productivity? Evidence from the Laboratory
Cubel, M., Nuevo‐Chiquero, A., Sánchez‐Pagés, S., & Vidal-Fernández, M. (2016) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/ecoj.12373 · Cited by 167
Cook, P., Dodge, K., Farkas, G., Fryer, R., Guryan, J., Ludwig, J., Mayer, S., Pollack, H., & Steinberg, L. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19862 · Cited by 130
Gaylord‐Harden, N. K., Barbarin, O. A., Tolan, P. H., & Murry, V. M. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000300 · Cited by 134
Hegarty, N. (2014) · Journal of International Students · doi:10.32674/jis.v4i3.462 · Cited by 125
The Impact of Immigration on the Educational Attainment of Natives
Hunt, J. (2016) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.52.4.0115-6913r1 · Cited by 125
Conditional Cash Transfers and School Dropout Rates
Dearden, L., Emmerson, C., Frayne, C., & Meghir, C. (2009) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1353/jhr.2009.0013 · Cited by 123
Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School
Kearney, M. S., & Levine, P. B. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20195 · Cited by 122
Levitt, S. D., List, J. A., & Sadoff, S. (2016) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w22107 · Cited by 129
Heckman, J. J. (2011) · Daedalus · doi:10.1162/daed_a_00078 · Cited by 116
Self-citationDayanand Manoli, Y., & Turner, N. (2018) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20160298 · Cited by 116
Mendelson, T., Tandon, S. D., O'Brennan, L., Leaf, P. J., & Ialongo, N. S. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.017 · Cited by 113
19. Is the Glass Half-Empty or Half-Full?
Gross, R. M. (2019) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520943667-019 · Cited by 111
Income Inequality, Social Mobility, and the Decision to Drop Out of High School
Kearney, M. S., & Levine, P. B. (2016) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.2016.0017 · Cited by 116
Court-Ordered Finance Reforms in the Adequacy Era: Heterogeneous Causal Effects and Sensitivity
Candelaria, C., & Shores, K. (2017) · Education Finance and Policy · doi:10.1162/edfp_a_00236 · Cited by 115
OECD Reviews of School Resources: Flemish Community of Belgium 2015
Nusche, D., Miron, G., Santiago, P., & Teese, R. (2015) · OECD reviews of school resources · doi:10.1787/9789264247598-en · Cited by 107
Hispanic College Enrollment Spikes, Narrowing Gaps With Other Groups
Fry, R. J. (2011) · Issue Lab (Candid) · Cited by 106
Montez, J. K., & Zajacova, A. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301128 · Cited by 107
The College Type: Personality and Educational Inequality
Lundberg, S. (2013) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/671056 · Cited by 103
Explaining Race, Poverty, and Gender Disparities in Advanced Course-Taking.
Conger, D., Long, M., & Iatarola, P. (2009) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.20455 · Cited by 117
Choi, S., & Lee, S. W. (2020) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858420973574 · Cited by 128
Intensive Math Instruction and Educational Attainment: Long-Run Impacts of Double-Dose Algebra
Cortes, K. E., Goodman, J., & Nomi, T. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20211 · Cited by 97
Clustering of health, crime and social-welfare inequality in 4 million citizens from two nations
Richmond-Rakerd, L. S., D’Souza, S., Andersen, S. H., Hogan, S., Houts, R. M., Poulton, R., Ramrakha, S., Caspi, A., Milne, B. J., & Moffitt, T. E. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0810-4 · Cited by 93
Explaining the Widening Education Gap in Mortality among U.S. White Women
Montez, J. K., & Zajacova, A. (2013) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146513481230 · Cited by 94
Race and Ethnic Differences in College Achievement: Does High School Attended Matter?
Fletcher, J. M., & Tienda, M. (2010) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716209348749 · Cited by 97
Sex differences in secondary school success: why female students perform better
Fischer, F. T., Schult, J., & Hell, B. (2012) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-012-0127-4 · Cited by 107
Education and Crime over the Life Cycle
Fella, G., & Gallipoli, G. (2014) · The Review of Economic Studies · doi:10.1093/restud/rdu014 · Cited by 88
Cognitive (ir)reflection: New experimental evidence
Cueva, C., Iturbe-Ormaetxe, I., Mata-Pérez, E., Ponti, G., Sartarelli, M., Yu, H., & Zhukova, V. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2015.09.002 · Cited by 91
Intensive Math Instruction and Educational Attainment: Long-Run Impacts of Double-Dose Algebra
Cortes, K. E., Goodman, J. S., & Nomi, T. (2015) · Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1353/jhr.2015.0004 · Cited by 91
A century of educational inequality in the United States
Jackson, M., & Holzman, B. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1907258117 · Cited by 96
Geographical constraints and educational attainment
Falch, T., Lujala, P., & Strøm, B. (2012) · Regional Science and Urban Economics · doi:10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.06.007 · Cited by 91
Import exposure and human capital adjustment: Evidence from the U.S.
Greenland, A., & Lopresti, J. W. (2016) · Journal of International Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jinteco.2016.02.002 · Cited by 87
Introduction: The American dream, then and now
Duncan, G. J., & Murnane, R. J. (2011) · Cited by 87
Early Childhood Behavior Problems and the Gender Gap in Educational Attainment in the United States
Owens, J. (2016) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/0038040716650926 · Cited by 103
Changing poverty, changing policies
(2010) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.47-6372 · Cited by 87
Watts, T. W., Gandhi, J., Ibrahim, D. A., Masucci, M. D., & Raver, C. C. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0200144 · Cited by 95
Health Literacy Among Surgical Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Roy, M., Corkum, J. P., Urbach, D. R., Novak, C. B., von Schroeder, H. P., Mccabe, S. J., & Okrainec, K. (2018) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s00268-018-4754-z · Cited by 84
“No Excuses” Charter Schools: A Meta-Analysis of the Experimental Evidence on Student Achievement
Cheng, A. A., Hitt, C., Kisida, B., & Mills, J. N. (2017) · Journal of School Choice · doi:10.1080/15582159.2017.1286210 · Cited by 83
Preventing Youth Violence and Dropout: A Randomized Field Experiment
Heller, S., Pollack, H., Ander, R., & Ludwig, J. (2013) · doi:10.3386/w19014 · Cited by 79
Ewert, S., Sykes, B. L., & Pettit, B. (2013) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716213503100 · Cited by 83
Just the Facts, Ma'am: Postsecondary Education and Labor Market Outcomes in the U.S.Preprint
Holzer, H. J., & Dunlop, E. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2250297 · Cited by 79
Does Raising the Bar Level the Playing Field?
Domina, T., & Saldana, J. (2011) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831211426347 · Cited by 81
Nonmedical prescription drug use among US young adults by educational attainment
Martins, S. S., Kim, J. H., Chen, L., Levin, D., Keyes, K. M., Cerdá, M., & Storr, C. L. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0980-3 · Cited by 78
Graduating High School in a Recession: Work, Education, and Home Production
Hershbein, B. J. (2012) · The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy · doi:10.1515/1935-1682.2599 · Cited by 76
Beyond Early Warning Indicators: High School Dropout and Machine Learning
Sansone, D. (2018) · Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1111/obes.12277 · Cited by 86
High School Substance Use as a Predictor of College Attendance, Completion, and Dropout
Patrick, M. E., Schulenberg, J. E., & O’Malley, P. M. (2013) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x13508961 · Cited by 73
Cornwell, C. M., Mustard, D. B., & Parys, J. V. (2013) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.48.1.236 · Cited by 70
Education and Health in Late-life among High School Graduates
Herd, P. (2010) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146510386796 · Cited by 72
Trejo, S., Belsky, D. W., Boardman, J., Jeremy Freese, A., Harris, K. M., Herd, P., Sicinski, K., & Domingue, B. W. (2018) · Sociological Science · doi:10.15195/v5.a22 · Cited by 63
The 9th grade shock and the high school dropout crisis
Pharris-Ciurej, N., Hirschman, C., & Willhoft, J. L. (2011) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2011.11.014 · Cited by 67
Kenney, S. R., Anderson, B. J., & Stein, M. D. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.01.023 · Cited by 68
The Impact of Immigration on the Educational Attainment of Natives
Hunt, J. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w18047 · Cited by 66
Teacher Quality at the High School Level: The Importance of Accounting for Tracks
Jackson, C. K. (2014) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/676017 · Cited by 66
Bassi, M., Busso, M., & Muñoz-Morales, J. S. (2013) · doi:10.18235/0011516 · Cited by 66
Investing in Kids: Early Childhood Programs and Local Economic Development
Bartik, T. J. (2011) · Upjohn Research (W.E. Upjohn Institute for Employment Research) · doi:10.17848/9780880994002
Oropesa, R. S., & Landale, N. S. (2009) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.1177/003804070908200303 · Cited by 62
Rural and Urban High School Dropout Rates: Are They Different?
Jordan, J. L., Kostandini, G., & Mykerezi, E. (2012) · Pennsylvania Libraries: Research & Practice (University of Pittsburgh) · doi:10.18113/p8jrre2712 · Cited by 62
Do high school peers have persistent effects on college attainment and other life outcomes?
Bifulco, R., Fletcher, J. M., Oh, S. J., & Ross, S. L. (2014) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2014.07.001 · Cited by 61
Metadata
- Authors
- Heckman, J. J., & LaFontaine, P. A.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- American Bar Association (US)
- ORCID
- Heckman, James J
- Venue
- Review of Economics and Statistics
- Publisher
- MIT Press - Journals
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 244-262
- ISSN
- 0034-6535 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-9142
- PMC
- PMC2900934
- OpenAlex
- W2140410834
- Cited by
- 568
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 45 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 107.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Review of Economics and Statistics (publishedVersion)
- National Bureau of Economic Research (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (P01-HD31921)
- American Bar Foundation
- University College Dublin
- National Institutes of Health (NIH-R01)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01-HD31921)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD043411, P01HD031921, R01HD054702)
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (P01HD31921)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Higher Education Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › School Choice and Performance
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Outcomes and Influences
- Keywords
- high school graduation rates, immigrant students, college attendance, college wage premium, educational attainment, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
