The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Leukocytosis and natural killer cell function parallel neurobehavioral fatigue induced by 64 hours of sleep deprivation.
Open accessAbstract
The hypothesis that sleep deprivation depresses immune function was tested in 20 adults, selected on the basis of their normal blood chemistry, monitored in a laboratory for 7 d, and kept awake for 64 h. At 2200 h each day measurements were taken of total leukocytes (WBC), monocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, erythrocytes (RBC), B and T lymphocyte subsets, activated T cells, and natural killer (NK) subpopulations (CD56/CD8 dual-positive cells, CD16-positive cells, CD57-positive cells). Functional tests included NK cytotoxicity, lymphocyte stimulation with mitogens, and DNA analysis of cell cycle. Sleep loss was associated with leukocytosis and increased NK cell activity. At the maximum sleep deprivation, increases were observed in counts of WBC, granulocytes, monocytes, NK activity, and the proportion of lymphocytes in the S phase of the cell cycle. Changes in monocyte counts correlated with changes in other immune parameters. Counts of CD4, CD16, CD56, and CD57 lymphocytes declined after one night without sleep, whereas CD56 and CD57 counts increased after two nights. No changes were observed in other lymphocyte counts, in proliferative responses to mitogens, or in plasma levels of cortisol or adrenocorticotropin hormone. The physiologic leukocytosis and NK activity increases during deprivation were eliminated by recovery sleep in a manner parallel to neurobehavioral function, suggesting that the immune alterations may be associated with biological pressure for sleep.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition to infectious and chronic inflammatory conditions that involve a clear immunopathology (e.g., HIV, RA), numerous other diseases emerged in the last decades for which mild systemic elevations of inflammatory markers are characteristic, including cardiovascular (481) and metabolic diseases (153), certain forms of chronic pain (23), certain cancers (165), and neurodegenerative diseases (9”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [153]
In the citing paper
“Indeed, some authors have reported no change [41, 43, 74, 75] or even a slight decrease in cortisol levels [76, 77] after one or several nights of total sleep deprivation.”
From Impact of Sleep and Its Disturbances on Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Activity (2010) · cites this paper as [75]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Quantification of Sleepiness: A New Approach
Hoddes, E., Zarcone, V., Smythe, H., Phillips, R., & Dement, W. C. (1973) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1973.tb00801.x · Cited by 2,538
Dinarello, C. A. (1988) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.2.2.3277884 · Cited by 1,532
Psychosocial Modifiers of Immunocompetence in Medical Students
Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., Garner, W., Speicher, C., Penn, G. M., Holliday, J., & Glaser, R. (1984) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-198401000-00003 · Cited by 782
Sleep Deprivation in the Rat: X. Integration and Discussion of the Findings
Rechtschaffen, A., Bergmann, B. M., Everson, C. A., Kushida, C. A., & Gilliland, M. A. (2002) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/25.1.68 · Cited by 490
Performing while sleepy: Effects of experimentally-induced sleepiness.
Dinges, D. F., & Kribbs, N. B. (1991) · Cited by 446
Self-citationModulation of cellular immunity in medical students
Kiecolt‐Glaser, J. K., Glaser, R., Strain, E. C., Stout, J. C., Tarr, K. L., Holliday, J. E., & Speicher, C. E. (1986) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00844640 · Cited by 412
Temporal Placement of a Nap for Alertness: Contributions of Circadian Phase and Prior Wakefulness
Dinges, D. F., Orne, M. T., Whitehouse, W. G., & Orne, E. C. (1987) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/10.4.313 · Cited by 311
Self-citationLife events, depressive symptoms, and immune function
Irwin, M. R., Daniels, M., Bloom, E. T., Smith, T. L., & Weiner, H. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.4.437 · Cited by 276
Sustained sleep deprivation impairs host defense
Everson, C. A. (1993) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.5.r1148 · Cited by 251
Effects of sleep deprivation on human immune functions
Moldofsky, H., Lue, F. A., Davidson, J. R., & Gorczynski, R. (1989) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fasebj.3.8.2785942 · Cited by 250
Lymphocyte and Granulocyte Reactions during Sleep Deprivation
Palmblad, J. E. W., Petrini, B., Wasserman, J., & Åkerstedt, T. (1979) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197906000-00001 · Cited by 208
Major Depressive Disorder, Alcoholism, and Reduced Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity
Irwin, M. R. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810200021003 · Cited by 166
Sleep Deprivation in the Rat: V. Energy Use and Mediation
Bergmann, B. M., Everson, C. A., Kushida, C. A., Fang, V. S., Leitch, C. A., Schoeller, D. A., Refetoff, S., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1989) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/12.1.31 · Cited by 166
Circulating Natural Killer Cell Phenotypes in Men and Women With Major Depression
Evans, D. L. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820050052009 · Cited by 157
Stressor exposure and immunological response in man: Interferon-producing capacity and phagocytosis
Palmblad, J. E. W., Cantell, K., Strander, H. A., Fröberg, J. E., Karlsson, C.-G., Levi, L., Granström, M., & Unger, P. (1976) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(76)90020-9 · Cited by 148
Nocturnal plasma levels of cytokines in healthy men
Gudewill, S., Pollmächer, T., Vedder, H., Schreiber, W., Fassbender, K. C., & Holsboer, F. (1992) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/bf02190343 · Cited by 145
Lisper, H. O., & Kjellberg, A. (1972) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0033615 · Cited by 132
Sleep Deprivation and the Effect on Exercise Performance1
VanHelder, T., & Radomski, M. W. (1989) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-198907040-00002 · Cited by 116
Irwin, M. R., Smith, T. L., & Gillin, J. C. (1992) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199201000-00002 · Cited by 114
Low natural killer cytotoxicity in major depression
Irwin, M. R., Smith, T. L., & Gillin, J. C. (1987) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(87)90531-5 · Cited by 113
Glenville, M., Broughton, R., Wing, A. M., & Wilkinson, R. T. (1978) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/1.2.169 · Cited by 99
(1989) · PubMed · Cited by 99
Cytokine Involvement in the Regulation of Sleep
Opp, M. R., Kapás, L., & Toth, L. A. (1992) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-201-43474 · Cited by 88
Houldin, A. D., Lev, E. L., Prystowsky, M. B., Redei, E. E., & Lowery, B. J. (1991) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/00004650-199107000-00004 · Cited by 81
Somnogenic activity of immune response modifiers
Krueger, J. M. (1990) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0165-6147(90)90198-h · Cited by 70
Sleep as a host defense: Its regulation by microbial products and cytokines
Krueger, J. M., & Majde, J. A. (1990) · Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/0090-1229(90)90033-m · Cited by 66
Sleep Disturbances in HIV-Seropositive Patients
Norman, S. E. (1988) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1988.03410070046015 · Cited by 64
Opstad, P. K., & Aakvaag, A. (1983) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00952542 · Cited by 62
Sleep Deprivation in the Rat: VII. Immune Function
Benca, R. M., Kushida, C. A., Everson, C. A., Kalski, R., Bergmann, B. M., & Rechtschaffen, A. (1989) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/12.1.47 · Cited by 54
Brown, R., Price, R. J., King, M. G., & Husband, A. J. (1989) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/0889-1591(89)90031-7 · Cited by 45
Flow cytometry of DNA content and other indicators of proliferative activity.
Shapiro, H. M. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 44
Electroencephalographic activity after prolonged sleep loss
Naitoh, P., Kales, A., Kollar, E. J., Smith, J. C., & Jacobson, A. (1969) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(69)90103-5 · Cited by 41
Comparison of a Simplified Whole Blood and Isolated Lymphocyte Stimulation Technique
Keller, S. E., Schleife, S. J., Sherma, J., Camerin, M., Smith, H., & Stei, M. (1981) · Immunological Communications · doi:10.3109/08820138109050707 · Cited by 33
THYROID AND ADRENOMEDULLARY REACTIONS DURING SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Palmblad, J. E. W., Åkerstedt, T., Fröberg, J. E., Melander, A., & von Schenck, H. (1979) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.0900233 · Cited by 32
Aerobic fitness and hormonal responses to prolonged sleep deprivation and sustained mental work.
Radomski, M. W., Hart, L. E., Goodman, J. M., & Plyley, M. J. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 25
Lymphocyte subpopulations in children with abnormal lymphatic circulation
Bz, G., Levinson, A. I., Danon, Y. L., Wilmott, R. W., & Douglas, S. D. (1989) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/0091-6749(89)90365-5 · Cited by 21
Self-citationRubín, R. T., KOLLAR, E. J., Slater, G. G., & Clark, B. R. (1969) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-196901000-00007 · Cited by 20
Decreasing the spontaneous release in NK cell assays
Georgescu, R. N., & Keller, S. E. (1987) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/0022-1759(87)90252-3 · Cited by 12
Overnight storage at 1°C does not affect NK cytotoxicity
Georgescu, R. N., & Keller, S. E. (1987) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/0022-1759(87)90256-0 · Cited by 10
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 43 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Wake Up America: A National Sleep Alert. 1993. A Report ofthe National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research. Vol. 1: Executive Summary and Exec- utive Report. National Institute of Aging, Washington, DC. 76 pp.
- Home, J. 1988. Why We Sleep: The Functions of Sleep in Humans and Other Animals. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 319 pp.
- Roitt, I. 1991. Essential Immunology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford. 356 pp.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dinges, D. F., Pack, F. M., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., Trasande, C. A., & Pack, A. I. (1997) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.4.267 · Cited by 2,018
Self-citationBehavioral and Physiological Consequences of Sleep Restriction
Banks, S., & Dinges, D. F. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26918 · Cited by 1,505
Self-citationThe Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2018 · Cited by 1,479
“Several studies in humans have found a reducing effect of sleep on total leukocyte count when compared with total sleep deprivation or sleep restriction for either only a few hours or up to several days (67, 69, 152, 178, 287, 326, 338, 480).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWhy Sleep Is Important for Health: A Psychoneuroimmunology Perspective
Irwin, M. R. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115205 · Cited by 1,325
“However, when sleep loss is extended beyond a single night of sleep deprivation, numbers of circulating granulocytes and monocytes increase (Dinges et al. 1994, Irwin et al. 1996).”
BackgroundEffect of sleep loss on C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk
Meier-Ewert, H. K., Ridker, P. M., Rifai, N., Regan, M. M., Price, N. J., Dinges, D. F., & Mullington, J. M. (2004) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.07.050 · Cited by 1,195
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dinges, D. F., Douglas, S. D., Zaugg, L., Campbell, D. E., McMann, J. M., Whitehouse, W. G., Orne, E. C., Kapoor, S. C., Icaza, E., & Orne, M. T.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania Hospital (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1994-05-01
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1930-1939
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC294300
- OpenAlex
- W2027223222
- Cited by
- 361
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 8.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- National Institutes of Health (5p01mh044193-05)
- Ames Research Center
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH44193)
- National Center for Research Resources (CRC RR 00040)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, leukocytosis, natural killer cells, immune function, monocytes, lymphocyte subsets, NK cell cytotoxicity, cell cycle, CD56, CD57, CD16, CD4, recovery sleep, cortisol, ACTH
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Body Temperature, Mental Fatigue, Female, Glucocorticoids, Humans, Killer Cells, Natural, Leukocytosis, Lymphocytes, Male, Movement, Sleep Deprivation, Biomarkers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
