Cited by 1,137SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchCOVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 epidemiological studies

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SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging

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Pedersen, Savannah F., Ho, Ya-Chi·2020·Journal of Clinical Investigation

DOI 10.1172/jci137647PMC PMC7190904

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Abstract

A rapidly expanding pandemicIn early December 2019, several local health facilities first reported pneumonia cases of unknown origin in Wuhan, China.This new coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was first reported on December 1, 2020 and identified as a previously unknown betacoronavirus (1, 2).Since then, studies have increasingly demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted effectively among humans through aerosol or fomites (3-5).With transmission capabilities even before symptom onset (6, 7), this pandemic is rapidly evolving and expanding.As of April 2, 2020, a total of 962,977 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and 49,180 deaths have been reported across 180 countries and regions.Recent models indicated that as much as 86% of all infections early in the spread were undocumented, suggesting the real number of infections is likely much greater (8).As a public health emergency of international concern, COVID-19 was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization.Public health authorities around the globe are now racing to contain the spread.

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“…95-100% for healthy lungs), a low PaO2/FiO2 ratio or P/F [the ratio between the blood pressure of the oxygen (partial pressure of oxygen, PaO2) and the percentage of oxygen supplied (fraction of inspired oxygen, FiO2)]<300 (normal: about 500), and/or lung infiltrates>50% within 24 to 48 h [10].”
Background
Intracranial hemorrhages in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review of the literature, regarding six cases in an Amazonian population
Lima, W. D. S., Soares, M. H. P., Paschoal, E. H. A., Paschoal, J. K. S. F., Paschoal, F. M., & Bor‐Seng‐Shu, E. (2023) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1772834 · Cited by 2
“13,68 In critically-ill patients with COVID-19, higher serum levels of in-ﬂ ammatory markers (e.g., C-reactive protein and D-dimers) and an increase in neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio can be seen, also present in the in ﬂ ammatory process of ICH.”
Background
Evaluation of IL-6, IL-25 & IL-35 in the COVID 19 Patients and their Correlation to Demography Data in the Symptomatic Patients.
Al-Mquter, L. F. M. H., & Atiayh, S. A. A. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22092/ari.2022.360087.2547 · Cited by 2
"Molecular Studies of Antiviral Drug Atazanavir and Hyaluronic Acid-Atazanavir conjugate as Novel Drugs to Target SARS-CoV-2 Viral Proteins"
Mohan, M., Rekha, P., Gokulraj, P., Samy, P. A., Thirumalaisamy, R., Khan, R., & Aroulmoji, V. (2024) · International Journal of Advanced Science and Engineering · doi:10.29294/ijase.10.3.2024.3581-3592 · Cited by 2
The Dysregulation of the Monocyte–Dendritic Cell Interplay Is Associated with In-Hospital Mortality in COVID-19 Pneumonia
Galati, D., Mallardo, D., Nicastro, C., Zanotta, S., Capitelli, L., Lombardi, C., Baino, B., Cavalcanti, E., Sale, S., Labonia, F., et al. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13092481 · Cited by 2
“The engagement of these cells upon SARS-CoV-2 infection was found to actively contribute to the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tissue damage [9,12,19–24].”
Background
The usage of immunosuppressant agents and secondary infections in patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit: a retrospective study
Sarıkaya, Z. T., Güçyetmez, B., Tüzüner, F., Dincer, O., Şahan, C., Doğan, L., Yildirim, S. A., Zengin, R., Kocagöz, A. S., Telci, L., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-71912-3 · Cited by 2
A20 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for COVID‐19
Wu, Y., Li, H., Li, R., Li, J., Zhao, Q., & Shao, B. (2025) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.70127 · Cited by 2
“Elevated levels of these cytokines are closely associated with severe COVID ‐ 19 infection and the development of ARDS [47, 89].”
COVID-19 related deaths in an urban academic medical center in Brooklyn – a descriptive case series
McCracken, J. A., Nakeshbandi, M., Arace, J., Riley, W. J., & Sharma, R. (2020) · Translational Medicine Communications · doi:10.1186/s41231-020-00065-y · Cited by 2
“Abbreviations AKI: Acute kidney injury; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; BMI: Body mass index; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; COVID-19: Novel coronavirus disease 2019; CRP: C-reactive protein; CRS: Cytokine release syndrome; ESR: Erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ESRD: End-stage renal diseas…”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Peptide Drug Thymalin Regulates Immune Status in Severe COVID-19 Older Patients
Bi, K., Khavinson, V. K., Шаповалов, К. Г., Linkova, N. S., Lukyanov, S. А., Smolyakov, Y. N., Терешков, П. П., Shapovalov, Y. K., Коннов, В. А., & Цыбиков, Н. Н. (2021) · Advances in Gerontology · doi:10.1134/s2079057021040068 · Cited by 2
“Thymosin α1 effectively augmented the number of CD8+ or CD4+ T-cells in the older COVID-19 patients with severe lymphocytopenia [28].”
Background
Die Behandlung eines Patienten mit ausgeprägtem Zytokinsturm bei schwerer COVID-19-Pneumonie unter Einsatz von Hämoadsorption in Kombination mit der Gabe von Tocilizumab
Kornitzky, F. W., Langen, H.-J., & Held, M. (2021) · Pneumologie · doi:10.1055/a-1458-4080 · Cited by 2
Quantitative Insight into Immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Soni, B., Kabra, R., & Singh, S. (2021) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2020.0156 · Cited by 2
“This increased and uncontrolled inﬂammation can also cause multiorgan damage especially cardiac, hepatic, and renal (Pedersen and Ho 2020; Zhang and others 2020a).”
The Role of the Immune System on the Cardiac Complications Observed in SARS-CoV-2
Vigário, L. C., Muradas, G., Paiva, C. N., & Medei, E. H. (2021) · International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences · doi:10.36660/ijcs.20200266 · Cited by 2
High-throughput fabrication of high aspect ratio Ag/Al nanopillars for optical detection of biomarkers
Garifullina, A., & Shen, A. Q. (2021) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d1tb01556g · Cited by 2
COVID-19 in patients with glomerular disease
Turner‐Stokes, T., Edwards, H., & Lightstone, L. (2021) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0000000000000769 · Cited by 2
Kinetics of serum hepcidin and interleukin-6 levels following COVID-19 infection in hemodialysis patients
Touzot, M., Lefèbvre, T., Maheas, C., Peoc’h, K., Ureña, P., Ridel, C., Puy, H., & Karim, Z. (2021) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfab254 · Cited by 2
The effect of steroids used in the treatment of COVID-19 on infections in intensive care
Sarı, A. C. (2022) · Northern Clinics of Istanbul · doi:10.14744/nci.2022.43827 · Cited by 2
“It is accepted that cytokine storm, which develops in COVID-19 patients, plays an important role in the damage to the lungs and the development of ARDS.”
BackgroundInfluential
Neutrophils, lymphocytes and their ratio as predictors of outcome in patients with COVID-19
Bi, K., Smolyakov, Y. N., Хавинсон, В. Х., Шаповалов, К. Г., Лукьянов, С. А., Фефелова, Е. В., & Казанцева, Л. С. (2021) · Zhurnal «Patologicheskaia fiziologiia i eksperimental`naia terapiia» · doi:10.25557/0031-2991.2021.04.34-41 · Cited by 2
Emerging and re-emerging infections
Heymann, D. L., & Lee, V. J. (2021) · doi:10.1093/med/9780198816805.003.0075 · Cited by 2
Dynamics of vegetative, insomnia and neuropsychological manifestations during the treatment of post-COVID syndrome
Alexandrova, E. A., Валерьевна, П. Е., Вадимовна, Б. И., Yulin, V. S., Suslov, A. G., Михайлович, Б. К., & Fomin, S. V. (2022) · Meditsinskiy sovet = Medical Council · doi:10.21518/2079-701x-2022-16-2-76-84 · Cited by 5
Effects of Plant Metabolites on the Growth of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-19) Including Omicron Strain
Bagde, H. S., & Dhopte, A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.26549 · Cited by 2
“Crude plant extracts can be beneficial or dangerous depending on the amount employed; if processed correctly, higher activity may be demonstrated [78-80].”
Background
Immunity benefits of yoga and physical exercises in the era of COVID-19 Pandemic
Govindasamy, K., Suresh, C., Anand, M., Saran, K. S., Pramanik, M., Kaur, D., Achouri, I., & Boughanmi, H. (2022) · Health sport rehabilitation · doi:10.34142/hsr.2022.08.03.08 · Cited by 2
“Severe COVID-19 infection is correlated with cytokine storms represented by increased cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-a), lymphopenia (in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells), and decreased IFN-γ expression in CD4+ T cells [24].”
Background
Assessment of commitment to healthy daily habits and diets, preventive measures, and beliefs about natural products utilization during COVID-19 pandemic in certain population in Egypt and Saudi Arabia
El‐Malah, A., Ibrahim, T. A., Attia, H., Eid, B. G., Bagher, A. M., Binmahfouz, L. S., & Sokkar, N. M. (2022) · Pharmacy Practice · doi:10.18549/pharmpract.2022.3.2700 · Cited by 2
COVID-19
Beltz, L. A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98809-4.00013-9 · Cited by 2
Relation of COVID-19 with liver diseases and their impact on healthcare systems: The Portuguese case
Fernandes, S., Sosa‐Napolskij, M., Lobo, G., & da Silva, I. C. B. (2023) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v29.i6.1109 · Cited by 2
Integrative profiling of CEACAM1 in different malignancies with implications on the SARS-CoV-2 infection genes ACE2 and TMPRSS2
Acar, A. (2023) · Hacettepe Journal of Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.15671/hjbc.1232843 · Cited by 2
Characterization of T Helper 1 and 2 Cytokine Profiles in Newborns of Mothers with COVID-19
Moreira, A. L. E., da Silva, P. A. N., Gomes, R. S., Santos, M. D. O., Ito, C. R. M., Gonçalves, L. C., de Souza, P. P., Peixoto, F. A. D. O., Wastowski, I. J., Carneiro, L. C., et al. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030910 · Cited by 2
Cellular and Humoral Immune Responses to Vaccination for COVID-19 Are Negatively Impacted by Senescent T Cells: A Case Report
Rosseto-Welter, E. A., Rodrigues, S. S., Figueiredo, A. B., França, C. N., Oliveira, D. B. L., Bachi, A. L. L., do Amaral, J. B., Siqueira, R. A., Bento, L. C., da Silva, A. P., et al. (2023) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines11040840 · Cited by 2
Immunomodulation strategies against COVID-19 evidence: key nutrients and dietary approaches
Cundra, L. B., Vallabhaneni, M., Saadeh, M., Houston, K. V., Yoo, B. S., D’Souza, S. M., & Johnson, D. A. (2023) · Exploration of Medicine · doi:10.37349/emed.2023.00133 · Cited by 2
Convolutional Neural Networks for Face Detection and Face Mask Multiclass Classification
Campos, A., Melín, P., & Sánchez, D. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27409-1_2 · Cited by 2
Study on the cytokines related to SARS-Cov-2 in testicular cells and the interaction network between cells based on scRNA-seq data
Yu, F., He, H., Huang, T., & Zhou, Y. (2023) · Open Life Sciences · doi:10.1515/biol-2022-0661 · Cited by 2
Nutritional behaviours and lifestyle before and during COVID-19 pandemic: based on data from Polish and Turkish surveys
Wlazło, M., Zięba, N., Janota, B., Czapla, M., Mąkosza, K. M., Janion, K., & Szczepańska, E. (2023) · Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny · doi:10.32394/rpzh.2023.0264 · Cited by 2
D-dimer level and inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients with and without diabetes mellitus - A comparative study during the first wave of the pandemic
Sharma, A., Rukmini, M. S., Manjrekar, P., Pawar, N. M., & Sowndarya, K. (2024) · Biomedicine · doi:10.51248/.v43i6.3665 · Cited by 2
Bifurcation Analysis of the Dynamics in COVID‐19 Transmission through Living and Nonliving Media
Wiraya, A., Fitriana, L., Triyanto, T., Adi, Y. A., Kusumadewi, Y. A., & Khoirunnisa, S. (2024) · Journal of Applied Mathematics · doi:10.1155/2024/5669308 · Cited by 2
Modelling the long-term health impact of COVID-19 using Graphical Chain Models
Gourgoura, K., Rivadeneyra, P., Stanghellini, E., Caroni, C., Bartolucci, F., Curcio, R., Bartoli, S., Ferranti, R., Folletti, I., Cavallo, M., et al. (2024) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-024-09777-0 · Cited by 2
“These include increased expression of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor in adipocytes [32] and specific immunological signatures that predispose obese individuals to an enhanced cytokine storm [33].”
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Guía COVID-19 para la atención del paciente crítico con infección por SARS-coV-2 Colegio Mexicano de Medicina Crítica, (segunda parte)
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Saliva as a Diagnostic Tool for Detection of Coronavirus: A Review
Lal, A., Saleem, M. K. M., & Ahmed, N. (2020) · Journal of Islamabad Medical & Dental College · doi:10.35787/jimdc.v9i3.570 · Cited by 2
“Particular emphasis has been given to the induction of cytokine storm by SARS-CoV-2, whereby increased cytokine levels (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α), lymphopenia, and decreased IFN-γ expression in CD4+ T cells has been associated with severe COVID-19 infection.(22) This can lead to respiratory distress in the affected indi…”
Background
Cardiovascular Manifestations of SARS CoV-2: A Review
Kumar, N. P. (2020) · Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine · doi:10.24321/2349.7181.202005 · Cited by 2
Neuropathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
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COVID-19 Impact on Male Fertility: Review
Жуковская, С. В. М., & Жуковская, С. В. М. (2021) · Репродуктивное здоровье Восточная Европа · doi:10.34883/pi.2020.10.6.006 · Cited by 2
SARS-CoV-2 immune suppression
Chiappelli, F., Khakshooy, A. M., & Gilardi, J. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817558-3.00026-3 · Cited by 2
COVID ‐19: collaboration will keep us ahead of the curve
Shamdasani, P., Trubiano, J. A., Smibert, O. C., Owen, C., & Liew, D. F. L. (2020) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.14888 · Cited by 2
Beta-adrenergic blocker treatment for COVID-19Preprint
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Cytokine release syndrome is not usually caused by secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a cohort of 19 critically ill COVID-19 patientsPreprint
Lorenz, G., Moog, P., Bachmann, Q., Rosée, P. G. L., Schneider, H., Schlegl, M., Spinner, C. D., Heemann, U. W., Schmid, R. M., Algül, H., et al. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-31847/v1 · Cited by 2
A System Dynamics Model Approach for Simulating Hyper-inflammation in Different COVID-19 Patient Scenarios
Estivill‐Castro, V., Hernández-Jiménez, E., & Nettleton, D. (2021) · International Conference on Simulation and Modeling Methodologies, Technologies and Applications · doi:10.5220/0010600300002995 · Cited by 1
Effect of tocilizumab on intensive care patients with Covid-19 pneumonia, a retrospective cohort study
Küçük, M. P., Küçük, A. O., Pehlivanlar, A., Mürtezaoğlu, S. A., Çoban, K., Kılıç, G., Ayçiçek, O., Öztuna, F., Bülbül, Y., & Özlü, T. (2021) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-2106-42 · Cited by 1

Authors: Pedersen, S. F., & Ho, Y.-C.
Affiliations: Yale University (US)
Corresponding author: Ho, Ya-Chi
ORCID: Ho, Ya-Chi
Venue: Journal of Clinical Investigation
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published: 2020-04-13
Volume: 130
Issue: 5
Pages: 2202-2205
ISSN: 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
1558-8238
DOI: 10.1172/jci137647
PMC: PMC7190904
OpenAlex: W3014001472
Cited by: 1,137
References: 23
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 113 · 2022: 183 · 2021: 341 · 2020: 395
FWCI: 33.90
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: amfAR, The Foundation for AIDS Research
Yale University
Gilead Sciences
National Institutes of Health (AI150464, DA047037, UL1TR001863)
National Institute on Drug Abuse (R61DA047037)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (UM1AI126620, P50AI150464, R01AI047868, R01AI141009, R37AI147868)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 pandemic, pandemic, Betacoronavirus, airborne transmission, fomite transmission, pre-symptomatic transmission, undetected infections, WHO pandemic declaration
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Age Factors, Humans, Lymphocytes, Pneumonia, Viral, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Severity of Illness Index, Cytokines, Coronavirus Infections, Disease Progression, Pandemics

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SARS-CoV-2: a storm is raging

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