Health care costs associated with depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the overall health care costs associated with depression and anxiety among primary care patients. METHOD: Of 2,110 consecutive primary care patients in a health maintenance organization, 1,962 were screened with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. A stratified random sample of 615 patients were selected for further diagnostic assessment; 373 of these patients completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview at baseline and 328 were reassessed 12 months later. Computerized cost records were used to calculate total health care costs for the 6-month period surrounding the baseline assessment and a similar period surrounding the follow-up assessment. Cost accounting data were available for 327 patients at baseline and for 206 patients at both assessments. RESULTS: Primary care patients with DSM-III-R anxiety or depressive disorders at baseline had markedly higher baseline costs ($2,390) than patients with subthreshold disorders ($1,098) and those with no anxiety or depressive disorder ($1,397). Large cost differences persisted after adjustment for medical morbidity. Cost differences reflected higher utilization of general medical services rather than higher mental health treatment costs. Although most patients with baseline anxiety or depressive disorders showed significant improvement, longitudinal analyses did not show any clear relationship between change in psychiatric diagnosis and change in health care cost. CONCLUSIONS: Among primary care patients, anxiety and depressive disorders are associated with markedly higher health care costs even after adjustment for medical comorbidity. In this small sample, improvement in depression over 1 year was not clearly associated with decreases in cost.
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Anxiety and depression are associated with higher health care utilisation.
“This proposed mechanism is supported by the documented association between anxiety, depression and higher health care utilisation [58].”
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- Authors
- Simon, G. E., Ormel, J., VonKorff, M., & Barlow, W. E.
- Affiliations
- Group Health Cooperative (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1995-03-01
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 352-357
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1666540207
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 46.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03mh047765-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH051338, MH-47765, MH51338)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety disorders, health care costs, primary care, comorbidities, health maintenance organizations, General Health Questionnaire, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, health care utilization
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Services, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Comorbidity, Treatment Outcome, Health Care Costs
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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