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Health care costs associated with depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors examined the overall health care costs associated with depression and anxiety among primary care patients. METHOD: Of 2,110 consecutive primary care patients in a health maintenance organization, 1,962 were screened with the 12-item General Health Questionnaire. A stratified random sample of 615 patients were selected for further diagnostic assessment; 373 of these patients completed the Composite International Diagnostic Interview at baseline and 328 were reassessed 12 months later. Computerized cost records were used to calculate total health care costs for the 6-month period surrounding the baseline assessment and a similar period surrounding the follow-up assessment. Cost accounting data were available for 327 patients at baseline and for 206 patients at both assessments. RESULTS: Primary care patients with DSM-III-R anxiety or depressive disorders at baseline had markedly higher baseline costs ($2,390) than patients with subthreshold disorders ($1,098) and those with no anxiety or depressive disorder ($1,397). Large cost differences persisted after adjustment for medical morbidity. Cost differences reflected higher utilization of general medical services rather than higher mental health treatment costs. Although most patients with baseline anxiety or depressive disorders showed significant improvement, longitudinal analyses did not show any clear relationship between change in psychiatric diagnosis and change in health care cost. CONCLUSIONS: Among primary care patients, anxiety and depressive disorders are associated with markedly higher health care costs even after adjustment for medical comorbidity. In this small sample, improvement in depression over 1 year was not clearly associated with decreases in cost.
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“Elevated anxiety predicts the overutilization of oncology care [10] and primary care [11, 12]”
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“This proposed mechanism is supported by the documented association between anxiety, depression and higher health care utilisation [58].”
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“, 1997), both of which have been shown to influence the use of health services (Koenig et al., 1989; Simon et al., 1995).”
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“…between major depressive disorder (MDD) and higher rates of both general medical illness and increased health services utilization, (Druss et al., 2000; Katon, 2003; Simon et al., 1995a; Simon et al., 1995b) we also controlled for potential confounding effects of time-varying J Psychiatr Res.”
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Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Simon, G. E., Ormel, J., VonKorff, M., & Barlow, W. E.
- Affiliations
- Group Health Cooperative (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1995-03-01
- Volume
- 152
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 352-357
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1666540207
- Cited by
- 555
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 46.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1r03mh047765-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH051338, MH-47765, MH51338)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety disorders, health care costs, primary care, comorbidities, health maintenance organizations, General Health Questionnaire, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, health care utilization
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Services, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Primary Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Comorbidity, Treatment Outcome, Health Care Costs
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