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Outcome of psychotherapy among early adolescents after trauma
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The authors evaluated the effectiveness of brief trauma/grief-focused psychotherapy among early adolescents exposed to the 1988 earthquake in Armenia. METHOD: Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among treated and not treated subjects were evaluated pre- and postintervention, at 1 1/2 and 3 years after the earthquake, respectively. RESULTS: Severity of posttraumatic stress symptoms significantly decreased among the subjects given psychotherapy, while severity of these symptoms increased significantly among the subjects not treated with psychotherapy. The improvement in posttraumatic stress symptoms was attributable to improvement in all three symptom categories (intrusion, avoidance, and arousal) of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There was no change in severity of depressive symptoms among subjects given psychotherapy. However, depressive symptoms among subjects not treated with psychotherapy significantly worsened over time. The changes in severity of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms were positively correlated within both groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings demonstrate the efficacy of trauma/grief-focused brief psychotherapy in alleviating PTSD symptoms and preventing the worsening of comorbid depression among early adolescents after a catastrophic disaster. The results support the broad use of such school-based interventions after major disasters and demonstrate the cross-cultural applicability of Western psychotherapeutic approaches.
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“Goenjian and colleagues69 assessed a classroom-based trauma and grief component therapy in adolescents 1.5 years after the 1988 earthquake in Armenia and reported that the intervention improved PTSD and maintained depression symptoms (both increased in the control group).”
From Mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings: linking practice and research (2011) · cites this paper as [69]
In the citing paper
“The findings of a study on the effectiveness of brief trauma/grief-focused psychotherapy that has been carried out after an earthquake in Armenia [13] suggest that CBT-like methods can also be promising interventions in the context of mass disasters.”
From Treating children traumatized by war and tsunami: a comparison between exposure therapy and meditation-relaxation in north-east Sri Lanka (2009) · cites this paper as [13]
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Felix, E. D., Hernandez, L., Bravo, M., Ramírez, R., Cabiya, J. J., & CANINO, G. J. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-010-9483-1 · Cited by 97
“Additional post-disaster traumatic stress and grief-oriented interventions for children also show some empirical support (Goenjian et al. 1997; Salloum and Overstreet 2008).”
BackgroundAntecedents and Complications of Trauma in Boys With ADHD: Findings From a Longitudinal Study
Wozniak, J. R., CRAWFORD, M. H., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T. J., TAYLOR, A., & Blier, H. K. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199901000-00019 · Cited by 95
Newman, E., Pfefferbaum, B. J., Kirlić, N., Tett, R. P., Nelson, S. D., & Liles, B. D. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0462-z · Cited by 93
Kemp, M., Drummond, P. D., & McDERMOTT, B. M. (2009) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1359104509339086 · Cited by 92
“In relation to the former, PTSD diagnostic rates, Child PTS-RI scores, and levels of co-morbid psychopathology were lower in this study than in other treatment samples (e.g., Chemtob et al., 2002; Farrell, Hains, & Davies,1998; Field, Seligman, Scafedi, & Schanberg, 1996; Goenjian et al., 1997).”
ResultKramer, D. N., & Landolt, M. A. (2011) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v2i0.7858 · Cited by 89
Children, Adolescents and Trauma
Shaw, J. A. (2000) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1023/a:1004630127000 · Cited by 91
Lau, J. T. F., Yu, N. X., Zhang, J., Mak, W. W. S., Choi, K. C., Lui, W. W. S., Zhang, J., & Chan, E. Y. Y. (2010) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-010-9447-3 · Cited by 88
“A study showed that, in the absence of therapy, the prevalence of depression among child survivors increased from 35% at month 18 to 75% at month 36.(8) Some studies showed that adolescents with PTSD were more likely than those without PTSD to possess suicidal ideation and make suicidal attempts.”
BackgroundCorrelates of hazards education for youth: a replication study
Ronan, K. R., Crellin, K., & Johnston, D. M. (2009) · Natural Hazards · doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9444-6 · Cited by 87
“This line of research includes studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of programs aimed at reducing children’s adverse reactions to hazards (Chemtob et al. 2002a, b; Giannopoulou et al. 2006; Goenjian et al. 1997; Ronan and Johnston 1999; Shooshtary et al. 2008).”
BackgroundTreating acute posttraumatic reactions in children and adolescents
Cohen, J. A. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01868-1 · Cited by 86
Gurwitch, R. H., Sitterle, K. A., Young, B. H., & Pfefferbaum, B. J. (2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10454-014 · Cited by 85
Goenjian, A. K., Stilwell, B. M., Steinberg, A. M., Fairbanks, L. A., Galvin, M. R., Karayan, I., & Pynoos, R. S. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199904000-00009 · Cited by 84
“follow-up, adolescents in the earthquake zone were still experiencing high levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms (Goenjian et al., 1997) [5].”
BackgroundSelf-citationTian, Y., Wong, T. K., Li, J., & Jiang, X. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-1073 · Cited by 84
“It was lower than other earthquake studies among adolescents [1-3,5-11], however, higher than the prevalence in Roussos’s [4] study after the 1999 earthquake in Ano Liosia.”
BackgroundResultCATS Consortium (2010) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.20594 · Cited by 83
Chamberlain, P. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195134575.003.0006 · Cited by 83
Childhood Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Diagnosis, Treatment, and School Reintegration
Cook‐Cottone, C. P. (2004) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/02796015.2004.12086237 · Cited by 81
“The later 1990s showed the emergence of increasingly sound research demonstrating the effectiveness of comprehensive, manualized, cognitive behavioral protocols (Deblinger, Lippmann, & Steer, 1996; Farrell et al., 1998; Goenjian et al., 1997; King et al., 2000; March et al., 1998).”
BackgroundRonan, K. R., Crellin, K., Johnston, D. M., Finnis, K., Paton, D., & Becker, J. (2008) · Children Youth and Environments · doi:10.1353/cye.2008.0045 · Cited by 78
“, Chemtob, Nakashima and Hamada 2002) as well as empirically supported group-based interventions that can be conducted in larger (Ronan and Johnston 1999) and smaller (Chemtob, Nakashima and Hamada 2002; Giannopoulou, Dikaiakou and Yule 2006; Goenjian et al. 1997; March et al. 1998) groups.”
BackgroundPost-traumatic stress disorder in children.
Kaminer, D., Seedat, S., & Stein, D. J. (2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 74
Greca, A. M. L., & Prinstein, M. J. (2002) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10454-005 · Cited by 73
Earthquakes and children: The role of psychologists with families and communities.
Margolin, G., Ramos, M. C., & Guran, E. L. (2010) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0018103 · Cited by 69
“Some school interventions bring mental health professionals into the school setting and provide direct services to the most symptomatic youth in either small groups or individual sessions (Goenjian et al., 1997; Najarian, 2004).”
BackgroundSchools and Disasters: Safety and Mental Health Assessment and Interventions for Children
Lai, B. S., Esnard, A., Lowe, S. R., & Peek, L. (2016) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-016-0743-9 · Cited by 72
Moving targets: A developmental framework for understanding children's changes following disasters
Franks, B. A. (2011) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2010.12.004 · Cited by 68
Children and Natural Disasters
Evans, L. G., & Oehler-Stinnett, J. J. (2006) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034306062814 · Cited by 66
“Goenjian et al. (1997) showed that adolescents who received psychotherapy had improvement in PTSD symptoms, while symptoms worsened in those not receiving treatment.”
BackgroundPersson, T. J., & Rousseau, C. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 64
Zhang, Y., Kong, F., Wang, L., Chen, H., Gao, X., Tan, X., Chen, H., Jian-guo, L., & Liu, Y. (2010) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.06.009 · Cited by 72
Narrative exposure therapy in children : a case study
Schauer, E., Neuner, F., Elbert, T. R., Ertl, V., Onyut, L. P., Odenwald, M. G., & Schauer, M. (2004) · KOPS (University of Konstanz) · Cited by 65
Amaya-Jackson, L. M., Reynolds, V., Murray, M. C., McCarthy, G. D. E., Nelson, A., Cherney, M. S., Lee, R., Foa, E. B., & March, J. S. (2003) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/s1077-7229(03)80032-9 · Cited by 64
Metadata
- Authors
- Goenjian, A. K., Karayan, I., Pynoos, R. S., Minassian, D., Najarian, L. M., Steinberg, A. M., & Fairbanks, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 1997-04-01
- Volume
- 154
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 536-542
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2188464625
- Cited by
- 381
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 15.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Grief, Bereavement, and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- trauma-focused psychotherapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, early adolescents, 1988 Armenia earthquake, disaster mental health, school-based intervention, PTSD symptom clusters, cross-cultural applicability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Armenia, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Depressive Disorder, Disasters, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Personality Inventory, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Brief, Psychotherapy, Group, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Students, Comorbidity, Treatment Outcome
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