Two-Year Prospective Evaluation of the Relationship Between Acute Stress Disorder and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Abstract
Objective To assess the ability of acute stress disorder to predict posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the relationship between acute stress disorder and PTSD over the 2 years following mild traumatic brain injury was determined. Method Survivors of motor vehicle accidents who sustained mild traumatic brain injuries were assessed for acute stress disorder within 1 month of the trauma (N=79) and for PTSD at 6 months (N=63) and 2 years (N=50) posttrauma. Results Acute stress disorder was diagnosed in 14% of the patients. Among the patients who participated in all three assessments, 80% of the subjects who met the criteria for acute stress disorder were diagnosed with PTSD at 2 years. Of the total initial group, 73% of those diagnosed with acute stress disorder had PTSD at 2 years. Conclusions This study provides further support for the utility of the acute stress disorder diagnosis as a predictor of PTSD but indicates that the predictive power of the diagnostic criteria can be increased by placing greater emphasis on reexperiencing, avoidance, and arousal symptoms.
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Acute stress disorder is associated with PTSD.
“although acute stress disorder (ASD), a disorder characterized by dissociative symptoms during or immediately following a traumatic event, is associated with PTSD (e.g., Creamer, O'Donnell, & Pattison, 2004; Harvey & Bryant, 2000; Murray et al., 2002)”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Harvey & Bryant, 2000
Reports of peritraumatic reactions are often unstable over time and may be biased by current symptoms.
“However, recollections of peritraumatic reactions are often inconsistent over time and are potentially biased by current symptoms (Harvey & Bryant, 2000; Southwick, Morgan, Nicolaou, & Charney, 1997; Zoellner, Sacks, & Foa, 2001).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Harvey & Bryant, 2000
Reports of dissociation may be a function of current symptoms.
“Specifically, reports of dissociation may be a function of current symptoms (Southwick et al., 1997; Harvey & Bryant, 2000; Zoellner et al., 2001).”
From Dissociation and memory fragmentation in post-traumatic stress disorder: An evaluation of the dissociative encoding hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as Harvey & Bryant, 2000
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Post-Intensive Care Syndrome—Mental Health
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- Authors
- Harvey, A. G., & Bryant, R. A.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2000-04-01
- Volume
- 157
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 626-628
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2116119035
- Cited by
- 207
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 18.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- acute stress disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, mild traumatic brain injury, motor vehicle accidents, PTSD prediction, re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, hyperarousal symptoms, long-term outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Traffic, Acute Disease, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Arousal, Brain Injuries, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Probability, Prospective Studies, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Trauma Severity Indices, Survivors
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