The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Event-Related fMRI of Frontotemporal Activity During Word Encoding and Recognition in Schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological studies have demonstrated verbal episodic memory deficits in schizophrenia during word encoding and retrieval. This study examined neural substrates of memory in an analysis that controlled for successful retrieval. METHOD: Event-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activation during word encoding and recognition in 14 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy comparison subjects. An unbiased multiple linear regression procedure was used to model the BOLD response, and task effects were detected by contrasting the signal before and after stimulus onset. RESULTS: Patients attended during encoding and had unimpaired reaction times and normal response biases during recognition, but they had lower recognition discriminability scores, compared with the healthy subjects. Analysis of contrasts was restricted to correct items. Previous findings of a deficit in bilateral prefrontal cortex activation during encoding in patients were reproduced, but patients showed greater parahippocampal activation rather than deficits in temporal lobe activation. During recognition, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation was lower in the patients and right anterior prefrontal cortex activation was preserved, as in the authors' previous study using positron emission tomography. Successful retrieval was associated with greater right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation in the comparison subjects, whereas orbitofrontal, superior frontal, mesial temporal, middle temporal, and inferior parietal regions were more active in the patients during successful retrieval. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of prefrontal cortex underactivation and parahippocampal overactivation in the patients suggests that functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal-limbic structures is disrupted by schizophrenia. This disruption may be reflected in the memory strategies of patients with schizophrenia, which include reliance on rote rehearsal rather than associative semantic processing.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Specifically, while the primary sensorimotor fasciculi appear to be comparatively unaffected in patients in schizophrenia, structural abnormalities have consistently been reported in the fasciculi connecting the frontal lobe with the rest of the brain, such as the uncinate fasciculus, 25,26 arcuate fasciculus, 27,28 superior longitudinal fasciculus, 29,30 and cingulum bundle.31,32”
From Schizophrenia, myelination, and delayed corollary discharges: a hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as [30]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale.
Overall, J. E., & Gorham, D. R. (1962) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1962.10.3.799 · Cited by 11,090
Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach
Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Worsley, K. J., Poline, J. ‐., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020402 · Cited by 9,688
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566
Talairach, J., Tournoux, P., & Rayport, M. (1988) · Thieme eBooks · Cited by 5,058
Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation.
Kwong, K. K., Belliveau, J. W., Chesler, D. A., Goldberg, I. E., Weisskoff, R. M., Poncelet, B. P., Kennedy, D. N., Hoppel, B. E., Cohen, M. S., & Turner, R. (1992) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.89.12.5675 · Cited by 4,212
Forman, S. D., Cohen, J. D., Fitzgerald, M., Eddy, W. F., Mintun, M. A., & Noll, D. C. (1995) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910330508 · Cited by 3,202
Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia.
Snodgrass, J. G., & Corwin, J. (1988) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.117.1.34 · Cited by 3,093
Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns.
Paivio, A., Yuille, J. C., & Madigan, S. A. (1968) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0025327 · Cited by 2,855
The neural correlates of the verbal component of working memory
Paulesu, E., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/362342a0 · Cited by 2,230
Physiologic Dysfunction of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia
Weinberger, D. R. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020020004 · Cited by 2,025
Time course EPI of human brain function during task activation
Bandettini, P. A., Wong, E. C., Hinks, R. S., Tikofsky, R. S., & Hyde, J. S. (1992) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.1910250220 · Cited by 1,935
Assessing the significance of focal activations using their spatial extent
Friston, K. J., Worsley, K. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., Mazziotta, J. C., & Evans, A. C. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460010306 · Cited by 1,907
Hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry in episodic memory: positron emission tomography findings.
Tulving, E., Kapur, S., Craik, F. I. M., Moscovitch, M., & Houle, S. (1994) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.91.6.2016 · Cited by 1,621
The Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS): Conceptual and Theoretical Foundations
Andreasen, N. C. (1989) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/s0007125000291496 · Cited by 1,532
(1995) · PubMed · Cited by 1,320
Neuropsychological Function in Schizophrenia
Saykin, A. J. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810310036007 · Cited by 1,160
The Structure and Organization of Memory
Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B. J., & Musen, G. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002321 · Cited by 1,159
Accurate Three-Dimensional Registration of CT, PET, and/or MR Images of the Brain
Pelizzari, C. A., Chen, G. T. Y., Spelbring, D. R., Weichselbaum, R. R., & Chen, C.-T. (1989) · Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography · doi:10.1097/00004728-198901000-00004 · Cited by 1,095
Memory Impairment in Schizophrenia: A Meta-Analysis
Aleman, A., Hijman, R., de Haan, E. H. F., & Kahn, R. S. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.9.1358 · Cited by 1,093
Remembering episodes: a selective role for the hippocampus during retrieval
Eldridge, L. L., Knowlton, B. J., Furmanski, C. S., Bookheimer, S. Y., & Engel, S. A. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/80671 · Cited by 906
Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., Suddath, R. L., & Torrey, E. F. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.7.890 · Cited by 669
Selective Deficits in Prefrontal Cortex Function in Medication-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia
Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Sabb, F. W., MacDonald, A. W., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.280 · Cited by 615
Impaired recruitment of the hippocampus during conscious recollection in schizophrenia
Heckers, S., Rauch, S., Goff, D., Savage, C., Schacter, D., Fischman, A., & Alpert, N. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/1137 · Cited by 570
Functional mapping of brain areas implicated in auditory—verbal memory function
Grasby, P. M., Frith, C., Friston, K. J., Bench, C. J., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Dolan, R. J. (1993) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/116.1.1 · Cited by 560
Event-related functional MRI: Past, present, and future
Rosen, B. R., Buckner, R. L., & Dale, A. M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.3.773 · Cited by 539
Gating of information flow within the limbic system and the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
Grace, A. (2000) · Brain research. Brain research reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(99)00049-1 · Cited by 532
Retrieval without recollection: An experimental analysis of source amnesia
Schacter, D. L., Harbluk, J. L., & McLachlan, D. R. C. (1984) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(84)90373-6 · Cited by 528
Impaired recruitment of the hippocampus during conscious recollection in schizophrenia
Heckers, S., Rauch, S. L., GOFF, D. C., Savage, C. R., Schacter, D. L., Fischman, A. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(18)30930-3 · Cited by 492
Friston, K. J., Josephs, O., Zarahn, E., Holmes, A. P., Rouquette, S., & Poline, J.-B. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0609 · Cited by 432
Maguire, E. A., & Mummery, C. J. (1999) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-1063(1999)9:1 · Cited by 365
Henson, R. N. A., Rugg, M., Shallice, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137468 · Cited by 365
Working memory for complex figures: An fMRI comparison of letter and fractal n-back tasks
Ragland, J. D., Turetsky, B. I., Gur, R. C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Turner, T., Schroeder, L., Chan, R., & Gur, R. E. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.370 · Cited by 327
Self-citationDanion, J., Rizzo, L., & Bruant, A. (1999) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.56.7.639 · Cited by 317
Direct Comparison of Prefrontal Cortex Regions Engaged by Working and Long-Term Memory Tasks
Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Kelley, W. M., Buckner, R. L., Cohen, N. J., Miezin, F. M., Snyder, A. Z., Ollinger, J. M., Akbudak, E., Conturo, T. E., et al. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0791 · Cited by 311
The nature of learning and memory impairments in schizophrenia
Paulsen, J. S., Heaton, R. K., Sadek, J. R., Perry, W., Delis, D. C., Braff, D., Kuck, J., Zisook, S., & Jeste, D. V. (1995) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s135561770000014x · Cited by 284
Common prefrontal activations during working memory, episodic memory, and semantic memory
Nyberg, L. H., Marklund, P., Persson, J., Cabeza, R. E. L., Forkstam, C., Petersson, K. M., & Ingvar, M. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00168-9 · Cited by 258
Probing the human hippocampus using rCBF: Contrasts in schizophrenia
Medoff, D. R., Holcomb, H. H., Lahti, A. C., & Tamminga, C. A. (2001) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.1070 · Cited by 258
Yurgelun-Todd, D. A., WATERNAUX, C. M., Cohen, B. M., Gruber, S. A., English, C. D., & Renshaw, P. F. (1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.2.200 · Cited by 242
Desgranges, B., Baron, J., & Eustache, F. (1998) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0359 · Cited by 231
Beyond HERA: Contributions of specific prefrontal brain areas to long-term memory retrieval
Buckner, R. (1996) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/bf03212413 · Cited by 198
Stevens, A. A., Goldman, P. S., Gore, J. C., Fulbright, R. K., & Wexler, B. E. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.12.1097 · Cited by 186
Volunteers for biomedical research. Recruitment and screening of normal controls.
Shtasel, D., Gur, R., Mozley, P., Richards, J., Taleff, M. M., Heimberg, C., Gallacher, F., & Gur, R. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810350062010 · Cited by 168
Working and strategic memory deficits in schizophrenia.
Stone, M. V., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Stebbins, G. T., & Sullivan, E. V. (1998) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.12.2.278 · Cited by 159
Impaired hippocampal recruitment during normal modulation of memory performance in schizophrenia
Weiss, A. P., Schacter, D. L., GOFF, D. C., Rauch, S. L., Alpert, N. M., Fischman, A. J., & Heckers, S. (2002) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01541-x · Cited by 157
McDermott, K. B., Jones, T. C., Petersen, S. E., Lageman, S. K., & Roediger, H. L., III (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290051137503 · Cited by 156
Ragland, J. D., Gur, R. C., Raz, J. A., Schroeder, L. F., Kohler, C. G., Smith, R. J., Alavi, A., & Gur, R. E. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.7.1114 · Cited by 153
Self-citationClinical subtypes of schizophrenia: differences in brain and CSF volume
Re, G., Mozley, P. D., Shtasel, D. L., Cannon, T. D., Gallacher, F., Turetsky, B. I., Grossman, R. I., & Gur, R. (1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.3.343 · Cited by 145
Self-citationMiller, D. D., Andreasen, N. C., OʼLeary, D. S., Watkins, G. L., Ponto, L. L. B., & Hichwa, R. D. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)01001-5 · Cited by 127
Neuroimaging of declarative memory in schizophrenia
Weiss, A. P., & Heckers, S. (2001) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00234 · Cited by 123
Reduced Hippocampal Activation During Encoding and Recognition of Words in Schizophrenia Patients
Jessen, F., Scheef, L., Germeshausen, L., Tawo, Y., Kockler, M., Kuhn, K.-U., Maier, W., Schild, H. H., & Heun, R. (2003) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.7.1305 · Cited by 114
How to Estimate Global Activity Independent of Changes in Local Activity
Andersson, J. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0302 · Cited by 110
Attenuated frontal activation in schizophrenia may be task dependent
Curtis, V. A. (1999) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00141-8 · Cited by 109
Phenomenology and Functioning in First-Episode Schizophrenia
Shtasel, D. L., Gur, R. C., Gallacher, F., Heimberg, C., Cannon, T. D., & Gur, R. C. (1992) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/18.3.449 · Cited by 100
Self-citationLevels-of-processing effect on word recognition in schizophrenia
Ragland, J. D., Moelter, S. T., McGrath, C., Hill, S. K., Gur, R. E., Bilker, W. B., Siegel, S. J., & Gur, R. C. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00235-x · Cited by 84
Self-citationMiller, D. D., Rezai, K., Alliger, R. J., & Andreasen, N. C. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00110-2 · Cited by 74
Neural correlates of memory organization deficits in schizophrenia
Nohara, S., Suzuki, M., Kurachi, M., Yamashita, I., Matsui, M., Seto, H., & Saitoh, O. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00131-0 · Cited by 62
Ragland, J. D., Gur, R. C., Lazarev, M. G., SMITH, R. J., Schroeder, L. F., Raz, J. A., Turetsky, B. I., Alavi, A. A., & Gur, R. E. (2000) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0577 · Cited by 32
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Schacter DL, Wagner AD: Medial temporal lobe activations in fMRI and PET studies of episodic encoding and retrieval. Hippocampus 1998; 9:7–24 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The parietal cortex and episodic memory: an attentional account
Cabeza, R. E. L., Ciaramelli, E., Olson, I. R., & Moscovitch, M. (2008) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2459 · Cited by 1,256
Spaniol, J., Davidson, P. S. R., Kim, A. S. N., Han, H., Moscovitch, M., & Grady, C. L. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.028 · Cited by 791
The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia
Andreasen, N. C., & Pierson, R. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.003 · Cited by 669
Reichenberg, A., & Harvey, P. D. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.5.833 · Cited by 558
Ciaramelli, E., Grady, C. L., & Moscovitch, M. (2008) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2008.03.022 · Cited by 534
Metadata
- Authors
- Ragland, J. D., Gur, R. C., Valdez, J., Turetsky, B. I., Elliott, M., Kohler, C., Siegel, S., Kanes, S., & Gur, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2004-06-01
- Volume
- 161
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1004-1015
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC4332807
- OpenAlex
- W2153361867
- Cited by
- 206
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 10.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH19112, MH 62103, R01MH062103, T32MH019112)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P30NS045839, NS-045839)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR-0040, M01RR000040)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, verbal episodic memory, word encoding, word recognition, memory retrieval, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, fronto-temporal connectivity, memory strategies, semantic processing, functional connectivity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Association Learning, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Semantics, Temporal Lobe, Verbal Behavior, Prefrontal Cortex, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Recognition, Psychology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
