The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia

Andreasen, Nancy C.; Pierson, Ronald

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.003

Cited by 670Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryVestibular and auditory disorders

The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia

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Andreasen, Nancy C., Pierson, Ronald·2008·Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.003PMC PMC3175494

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Abstract

For many years the cerebellum has been considered to serve as a coordinator of motor function. Likewise, for many years schizophrenia has been considered to be a disease that primarily affects the cerebrum. This review summarizes recent evidence that both these views must be revised in the light of emerging evidence about cerebellar function and the mechanisms of schizophrenia. Evidence indicating that the cerebellum plays a role in higher cortical functions is summarized. Evidence indicating that cerebellar abnormalities occur in schizophrenia is also reviewed. These suggest interesting directions for future research.

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CBM-iTBS has demonstrated benefits for psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia.
“Noninvasive stimulation of the cerebellum with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), specifically posterior cerebellum-targeted intermittent theta burst stimulation (CBM-iTBS), has demonstrated benefits for psychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, which manifest potentially cerebellum-mediated symptoms including mood dysregulation and cognitive dysmetria (Andreasen, 1999; Andreasen et al.”
From A double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled clinical trial of cerebellar intermittent theta burst stimulation for bipolar disorder: Safety, tolerability, mood and cognitive effects (2025) · cites this paper as Andreasen & Pierson, 2008
The paper’s discussion of cerebellar abnormalities in schizophrenia (Abstract; page unavailable) does not report benefits from posterior cerebellum-targeted intermittent theta burst stimulation. Its TMS example describes a motor-cortex cerebellar-inhibition protocol, not a treatment. Searches for CBM-iTBS and therapeutic TMS benefits found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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The structural brain correlates of neurological soft signs in AeSOP first-episode psychoses study
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CAPTOPRIL OR FRUSEMIDE IN DRUG-RESISTANT HYPERTENSION - REPLY
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Chapter 27 Is the cerebellum sensory for motor's sake, or motor for sensory's sake: the view from the whiskers of a rat?
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Chapter 32 Dentate output channels: motor and cognitive components
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Neurological soft signs discriminating mood disorders from first episode schizophrenia
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Cerebellar Mechanisms in Eyeblink Conditioning
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The role of the cerebellum in preparing responses to predictable sensory events
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Motoric neurological soft signs and psychopathological symptoms in schizophrenic psychoses
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Supporting evidence for the model of cognitive dysmetria in schizophrenia — a structural magnetic resonance imaging study using deformation-based morphometry
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The vestibulo-ocular reflex as a model system for motor learning: what is the role of the cerebellum?
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The Role of the Oculomotor Vermis in the Control of Saccadic Eye Movements
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CEREBELLAR VERMIS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
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Neural basis of novel and well-learned recognition memory in schizophrenia: A positron emission tomography study
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Self-citation
Changes in distributed neural circuitry function in patients with first-episode schizophrenia
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Cerebellum and nonmotor function
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Consensus Paper: The Cerebellum's Role in Movement and Cognition
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The cerebellum: adaptive prediction for movement and cognition
Sokolov, A. A., Miall, R. C., & Ivry, R. B. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.005 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Functional boundaries in the human cerebellum revealed by a multi-domain task battery
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Cerebellar modulation of the reward circuitry and social behavior
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Thalamocortical Dysconnectivity in Schizophrenia
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Consensus Paper: The Role of the Cerebellum in Perceptual Processes
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Social cognition and the cerebellum: A meta-analysis of over 350 fMRI studies
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Pathophysiological distortions in time perception and timed performance
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The Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia are Interconnected
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Genetic identification of cell types underlying brain complex traits yields insights into the etiology of Parkinson’s disease
Bryois, J., Skene, N., Hansen, T. F., Kogelman, L. J. A., Watson, H. J., Liu, Z., Adan, R. A. H., Alfredsson, L. S., Ando, T., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2020) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-020-0610-9 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Cognition and resting-state functional connectivity in schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia and autism: both shared and disorder-specific pathogenesis via perinatal inflammation?
MEYER, U., FELDON, J., & DAMMANN, O. (2011) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1203/pdr.0b013e318212c196 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
“The fact that cerebellar pathology seems to be more pronounced in autism than in schizophrenia (81,82) lends further support to our model of persistent neuroinflammation in autism versus latent neuroinflammation in schizophrenia.”
The Cerebellum and Psychiatric Disorders
Phillips, J. R., Hewedi, D. H., Eissa, A. M., & Moustafa, A. A. (2015) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2015.00066 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Emerging connections between cerebellar development, behaviour and complex brain disorders
Sathyanesan, A., Zhou, J., Scafidi, J., Heck, D. H., Sillitoe, R. V., & Gallo, V. (2019) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0152-2 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical Maps of Psychosis Onset: Voxel-wise Meta-Analysis of Antipsychotic-Naive VBM Studies
Fusar‐Poli, P., Raduà, J., McGuire, P. K., & Borgwardt, S. (2011) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbr134 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia
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Modular output circuits of the fastigial nucleus for diverse motor and nonmotor functions of the cerebellar vermis
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Cerebellar volume and cerebellocerebral structural covariance in schizophrenia: a multisite mega-analysis of 983 patients and 1349 healthy controls
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Patterns of Gray Matter Abnormalities in Schizophrenia Based on an International Mega-analysis
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Social cognition and the cerebellum: A meta‐analytic connectivity analysis
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Cerebello-thalamo-cortical hyperconnectivity as a state-independent functional neural signature for psychosis prediction and characterization
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Subcortical Structures and Cognition
Koziol, L. F., & Budding, D. E. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-84868-6 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Cerebellum and psychiatric disorders
Baldaçara, L., Borgio, J. G. F., Lacerda, A. L. T. D., & Jackowski, A. P. (2008) · Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462008000300016 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Back to front: cerebellar connections and interactions with the prefrontal cortex
Watson, T. C., Becker, N., Apps, R., & Jones, M. W. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00004 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The neurobiology of D-amino acid oxidase and its involvement in schizophrenia
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Discriminating schizophrenia using recurrent neural network applied on time courses of multi-site FMRI data
Yan, W., Calhoun, V. D., Song, M., Cui, Y. J., Yan, H., Liu, S., Fan, L., Zuo, N., Yang, Z., Xu, K., et al. (2019) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.023 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The thalamic reticular nucleus in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: role of parvalbumin-expressing neuron networks and oxidative stress
Steullet, P., Cabungcal, J.-H., Bukhari, S. A., Ardelt, M., Pantazopoulos, H., Hamati, F., Salt, T. E., Cuénod, M., Kim, Q., & Berretta, S. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.230 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Neocortex–Cerebellum Circuits for Cognitive Processing
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Neurological Signs and Involuntary Movements in Schizophrenia: Intrinsic To and Informative on Systems Pathobiology
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Using deep belief network modelling to characterize differences in brain morphometry in schizophrenia
Pinaya, W. H. L., Gadelha, A., Doyle, O., Noto, C. D. S., Zugman, A., Cordeiro, Q., Jackowski, A. P., Bressan, R. A., & Sato, J. R. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep38897 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Resting-state thalamic dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and relationships with symptoms
Ferri, J. M., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Turner, J. A., van Erp, T. G., Voyvodic, J. T., Preda, A., Belger, A., Bustillo, J., OʼLeary, D. S., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800003x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Meta-analytic investigations of structural grey matter, executive domain-related functional activations, and white matter diffusivity in obsessive compulsive disorder: an integrative review
Eng, G. K., Sim, K., & Chen, S.-H. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.002 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Cerebellar atrophy in Parkinson’s disease and its implication for network connectivity
O’Callaghan, C., Hornberger, M., Balsters, J. H., Halliday, G. M., Lewis, S. J. G., & Shine, J. M. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv399 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Correspondence between fMRI and SNP data by group sparse canonical correlation analysis
Lin, D., Calhoun, V. D., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2013.10.010 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Working Memory Related Brain Network Connectivity in Individuals with Schizophrenia and Their Siblings
Repovš, G., & Barch, D. M. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00137 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Meta-analysis of time perception and temporal processing in schizophrenia: Differential effects on precision and accuracy
Thönes, S., & Oberfeld, D. (2017) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.03.007 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The posterior crus II cerebellum is specialized for social mentalizing and emotional self-experiences: a meta-analysis
Overwalle, F. V., Ma, Q.-Y., & Heleven, E. (2020) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsaa124 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Dynamic functional connectivity impairments in early schizophrenia and clinical high-risk for psychosis
Du, Y., Fryer, S. L., Fu, Z., Lin, D., Jing Sui （Beijing Normal University）， my correct affiliation is beijing normal university, N. Q. U. O. S. A. T., Chen, J., Damaraju, E., Mennigen, E., Stuart, B. K., Loewy, R. L., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.022 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Resistance, vulnerability and resilience: A review of the cognitive cerebellum in aging and neurodegenerative diseases
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A rare mutation of CACNA1C in a patient with bipolar disorder, and decreased gene expression associated with a bipolar-associated common SNP of CACNA1C in brain
Gershon, E. S., Grennan, K. S., Busnello, J. V., Badner, J. A., Ovsiew, F., Memon, S., Alliey‐Rodriguez, N., Cooper, J. J., Romanos, B., & Liu, C. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.107 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Connecting the dots of the cerebro‐cerebellar role in cognitive function: Neuronal pathways for cerebellar modulation of dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex
Rogers, T. D., Dickson, P. E., Heck, D. H., Goldowitz, D., Mittleman, G., & Blaha, C. D. (2011) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20960 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia: from cognition to molecular pathways
Yeganeh-Doost, P., Gruber, O., Falkai, P., & Schmitt, A. (2011) · Clinics · doi:10.1590/s1807-59322011001300009 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Lesions causing hallucinations localize to one common brain network
Kim, N. Y., Hsu, J., Talmasov, D., Joutsa, J., Soussand, L., Wu, O., Rost, N. S., Morenas‐Rodríguez, E., Martí‐Fábregas, J., Pascual‐Leone, Á., et al. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-019-0565-3 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Genomic Convergence Analysis of Schizophrenia: mRNA Sequencing Reveals Altered Synaptic Vesicular Transport in Post-Mortem Cerebellum
Mudge, J., Miller, N., Khrebtukova, I., Lindquist, I. E., May, G. D., Huntley, J. J., Luo, S. J., Zhang, L., van Velkinburgh, J. C., Farmer, A. D., et al. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003625 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Sensory Integration, Sensory Processing, and Sensory Modulation Disorders: Putative Functional Neuroanatomic Underpinnings
Koziol, L. F., Budding, D. E., & Chidekel, D. (2011) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-011-0288-8 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Impaired cerebellar functional connectivity in schizophrenia patients and their healthy siblings
Collin, G. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00073 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks predict positive symptom progression in individuals at ultra-high risk for psychosis
Bernard, J. A., Orr, J. M., & Mittal, V. A. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.03.001 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The nondecussating pathway of the dentatorubrothalamic tract in humans: human connectome-based tractographic study and microdissection validation
Meola, A., Cömert, A., Yeh, F.-C. F., Sivakanthan, S., & Fernandez-Miranda, J. C. (2015) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2015.4.jns142741 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Cerebellar networks in individuals at ultra high‐risk of psychosis: Impact on postural sway and symptom severity
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Comparing fully automated state-of-the-art cerebellum parcellation from magnetic resonance images
Carass, A., Cuzzocreo, J. L., Han, S., Hernandez-Castillo, C. R., Rasser, P. E., Ganz, M., Beliveau, V., Dolz, J., Ayed, I. B., Desrosiers, C., et al. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.08.003 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Dysfunctional Activation of the Cerebellum in Schizophrenia
Bernard, J. A., & Mittal, V. A. (2014) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702614542463 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Compression of Cerebellar Functional Gradients in Schizophrenia
Dong, D., Luo, C., Guell, X., Wang, Y., He, H., Duan, M., Eickhoff, S. B., & Yao, D. (2020) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbaa016 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Cerebellar white-matter changes in cannabis users with and without schizophrenia
Solowij, N., Yücel, M., Respondek, C., Whittle, S., Lindsay, E., Pantelis, C., & Lubman, D. I. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171100050x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Assessing cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS): A systematic review
Fernández, L., Major, B. P., Teo, W., Byrne, L. K., & Enticott, P. G. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.11.018 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Correlation between <scp>DNA</scp> methylation and gene expression in the brains of patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia
Chen, C., Zhang, C., Cheng, L., Reilly, J. L., Bishop, J. R., Sweeney, J. A., Chen, H., Gershon, E. S., & Liu, C. (2014) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/bdi.12255 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Reduced gray matter volume in psychotic disorder patients with a history of childhood sexual abuse
Sheffield, J. M., Williams, L. E., Woodward, N. D., & Heckers, S. (2013) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2012.10.032 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Multimodal voxel-based meta-analysis of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies in those at elevated genetic risk of developing schizophrenia
Cooper, D., Barker, V., Raduà, J., Fusar‐Poli, P., & Lawrie, S. M. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.07.008 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Resting-State Functional Connectivity Changes Between Dentate Nucleus and Cortical Social Brain Regions in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Olivito, G., Clausi, S., Laghi, F., Tedesco, A. M., Baiocco, R., Mastropasqua, C., Molinari, M., Cercignani, M., Bozzali, M., & Leggio, M. G. (2016) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1007/s12311-016-0795-8 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Early maternal deprivation in rats induces gender‐dependent effects on developing hippocampal and cerebellar cells
Llorente, R., López‐Gallardo, M., Llorente‐Berzal, A., Prada, C., García‐Segura, L. M., & Viveros, M. (2009) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2009.01.002 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Structural brain correlates of cognitive function in schizophrenia: A meta-analysis
Khalil, M., Hollander, P., Raucher‐Chéné, D., Lepage, M., & Lavigne, K. M. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.034 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Cerebellar volume in schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder with and without psychotic features
Laidi, C., d’Albis, M.-A., Wessa, M., Linke, J. O., Phillips, M. L., Delavest, M., Bellivier, F., Versace, A., Almeida, J., Sarrazin, S., et al. (2014) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12363 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Distinct multivariate brain morphological patterns and their added predictive value with cognitive and polygenic risk scores in mental disorders
Doan, N. T., Kaufmann, T., Bettella, F., Jørgensen, K. N., Brandt, C. L., Moberget, T., Alnæs, D., Douaud, G., Duff, E. P., Djurovic, S., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.06.014 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Resting-State Perfusion in Nonmedicated Schizophrenic Patients: A Continuous Arterial Spin-labeling 3.0-T MR Study
Scheef, L., Manka, C., Daamen, M., Kühn, K.-U., Maier, W., Schild, H. H., & Jessen, F. (2010) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.10091224 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Distinct pattern of brain structural deficits in subsyndromes of schizophrenia delineated by psychopathology
Nenadić, I., Sauer, H., & Christian Gaser, B. (2009) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.014 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Cerebellar dopamine D2 receptors regulate social behaviors
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Authors: Andreasen, N. C., & Pierson, R.
Affiliations: University of Iowa (US)
Corresponding author: Andreasen, Nancy C.
ORCID: Andreasen, Nancy C.
Venue: Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 64
Issue: 2
Pages: 81-88
ISSN: 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.01.003
PMC: PMC3175494
OpenAlex: W2079590167
Cited by: 669
References: 250
Citations by year: 2026: 22 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 60 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 47 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 25
FWCI: 4.40
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060990, R01MH040856, 5 R01 MH 04856-20)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
Keywords: cerebellum, schizophrenia, cerebellar function, higher cortical functions, cerebellar abnormalities, motor coordination
MeSH terms: Brain Mapping, Cerebellum, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition Disorders, Higher Nervous Activity, Humans, Nerve Net, Neuropsychological Tests, Olivary Nucleus, Pons, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Thalamus, Long-Term Potentiation, Positron-Emission Tomography

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