Working memory for complex figures: An fMRI comparison of letter and fractal n-back tasks
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n-back letter and fractal tasks were administered to 11 participants during functional magnetic resonance imaging to test process specificity theories of prefrontal cortex (PFC) function and assess task validity. Tasks were matched on accuracy, but fractal n-back responses were slower and more conservative. Maintenance (1-back minus 0-back) activated inferior parietal and dorsolateral PFC, with additional activation in right ventrolateral PFC during letter n-back and left lingual gyrus during fractal n-back. Maintenance plus manipulation (2-back minus 0-back) activated inferior parietal, Broca's area, insula, and dorsolateral and ventral PFC, with greater right dorsolateral PFC activation for letter n-back. Manipulation only (2-back minus 1-back) produced additional and equivalent dorsolateral PFC and anterior cingulate activation in both tasks. Results support fractal n-back validity and indicate substantial overlap in working memory functions of dorsal and ventral PFC.
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Cognitive performance was assessed using the CPT, LNB, and NYU Paragraph Recall Task.
“Cognitive performance on the CPT [22] (sustained attention), LNB [23] (attention and working memory), and NYU Paragraph Recall Task [24] (verbal learning and verbal memory) were used to examine LDX’s impact on specific executive function domains.”
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The neurocognitive tasks were validated computerized measures of working memory, sustained attention, and executive function.
“using validated computerized tasks: the Letter-N-back task of working memory (28), the Penn Continuous Performance Task (P-CPT) of sustained attention (29), and the Conditional Exclusion Test (CET) of abstraction in executive function (30, 31).”
From Varenicline improves mood and cognition during smoking abstinence (2009) · cites this paper as [28]
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Yamazaki, Y., Sato, D., Yamashiro, K., Tsubaki, A., Takehara, N., Uetake, Y., Nakano, S., & Maruyama, A. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210053 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Replay of incidentally encoded episodic memories in the rat
Sheridan, C. L., Lang, S., Knappenberger, M., Albers, C., Loper, R., Tillett, B., Sanchez, J., Wilcox, A., Harrison, T., Panoz-Brown, D., et al. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.043 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Shanmugan, S., Loughead, J., Nanga, R. P. R., Elliott, M., Hariharan, H., Appleby, D., Kim, D., Ruparel, K., Reddy, R., Brown, T. E., et al. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.162 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Alderson, R. M., Patros, C. H. G., Tarle, S. J., Hudec, K. L., Kasper, L. J., & Lea, S. E. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1105207 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cognition Test Battery Performance Is Associated with Simulated 6df Spacecraft Docking Performance
Basner, M., Moore, T. M., Hermosillo, E., Nasrini, J., Dinges, D. F., Gur, R. C., & Johannes, B. (2020) · Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance · doi:10.3357/amhp.5602.2020 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Ragland, J. D., Turetsky, B. I., Gur, R. C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Turner, T., Schroeder, L., Chan, R., & Gur, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Neuropsychology
- Published
- 2002
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 370-379
- ISSN
- 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1559
- PMC
- PMC4332798
- OpenAlex
- W2087599214
- Cited by
- 327
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 1.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p30mh048539-05, 2k02mh000586-06)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 00586, MH19112, MH 43880, MH-48539, R01MH062103, T32MH019112)
- National Center for Research Resources (M01RR0040, M01RR000040)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- working memory, prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, task validity, inferior parietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, Broca's area, insula
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Parietal Lobe, Random Allocation, Reaction Time, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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