Higher Levels of Basal Serial CSF Cortisol in Combat Veterans With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Results of basal peripheral cortisol measures in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been variable. The authors' goal was to measure CSF cortisol concentrations, which more accurately reflect brain glucocorticoid exposure, in subjects with or without PTSD. METHOD: CSF was withdrawn from a subarachnoid catheter and plasma from a venous catheter, both indwelling, over a 6-hour interval to determine hourly plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations and hourly CSF cortisol levels in eight well-characterized combat veterans with PTSD and eight matched healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Mean CSF cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in the subjects with PTSD (3.18 ng/ml, SD=0.33) than in the normal volunteers (2.33 ng/ml, SD=0.50), largely due to higher CSF cortisol concentration nadirs. No group differences were observed in either plasma ACTH or peripheral (plasma or urinary free) cortisol. CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone and CSF cortisol concentrations were positively and significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS: Despite normal peripheral cortisol indexes in the veterans with PTSD, their CNS exposure to cortisol was greater than that of normal comparison subjects.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Heightened levels of peripheral and central corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) occur in tandem with enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity in PTSD.
“Heightened levels of peripheral and central corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH; Baker et al, 2005;de Kloet et al, 2008) and elevated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression levels in lymphocytes (Matic et al, 2013) occur in tandem with enhanced glucocorticoid sensitivity in PTSD.”
From Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond (2017) · cites this paper as Baker et al, 2005
Cites
1 retracted
Bremner, J. D., Vythilingam, M., Anderson, G., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., McGlashan, T. H., Heninger, G. R., Rasmusson, A. M., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01912-1 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
RetractedYehuda, R., Teicher, M. H., Trestman, R. L., Levengood, R. A., & Siever, L. J. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00451-3 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
Baker, D. G., West, S. A., Nicholson, W. E., Ekhator, N. N., Kasckow, J. W., Hill, K. K., Bruce, A. B., Orth, D. N., & Geracioti, T. D. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.4.585 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Self-citationTransport of Protein-Bound Hormones into Tissues in Vivo *
Pardridge, W. M. (1981) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-2-1-103 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Karssen, A. M., Meijer, O. C., van der Sandt, I. C. J., Lucassen, P. J., de Lange, E. C. M., de Boer, A. G., & de Kloet, E. R. (2001) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.142.6.8213 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Increased CSF cortisol in AD is a function of APOE genotype
Peskind, E. R., Wilkinson, C. W., Petrie, E. C., Schellenberg, G. D., & Raskind, M. A. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.8.1094 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Expression of 11beta-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase genes in the rat brain
MacKenzie, S. M., CLARK, C. J., Fräser, R., Gómez-Sánchez, C. E., Connell, J. M. C., & Davies, E. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.0240321 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Geracioti, T. D., Orth, D. N., Ekhator, N. N., Blumenkopf, B., & Loosen, P. T. (1992) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.74.6.1317385 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationProtein Binding of Cortisol in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid
Prédine, J., Brailly, S., DELAPORTE, P., & Milgröm, E. (1984) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-58-1-6 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Martensz, N. D., Herbert, J., & Stacey, P. M. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000123434 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Distribution of Tritiated Cortisol in Blood, Brain, CSF and Other Tissues of the Cat1
WALKER, M. D., Henkin, R. I., HARLAN, A. B., & Casper, A. G. T. (1971) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo-88-1-224 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Herbert, J., Keverne, E. B., & Yodyingyuad, U. (2008) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000124483 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory
LaBar, K. S., & Cabeza, R. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1825 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder
Pitman, R. K., Rasmusson, A. M., Koenen, K. C., Shin, L. M., Orr, S. P., Gilbertson, M. W., Milad, M. R., & Liberzon, I. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3339 · Cited by 1,529 · see citing works
Russo, S. J., Murrough, J. W., Han, M.-H., Charney, D. S., & Nestler, E. J. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3234 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
Inflammation in Fear- and Anxiety-Based Disorders: PTSD, GAD, and Beyond
Michopoulos, V., Powers, A., Gillespie, C. F., Ressler, K. J., & Jovanovic, T. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.146 · Cited by 786 · see citing works
The cardiovascular toll of stress
Brotman, D. J., Golden, S. H., & Wittstein, I. S. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61305-1 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
Sex differences in anxiety and depression: circuits and mechanisms
Bangasser, D. A., & Cuarenta, A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-021-00513-0 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Morris, M. C., Compas, B. E., & Garber, J. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.02.002 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Hauger, R., Risbrough, V. B., Brauns, O., & Dautzenberg, F. M. (2006) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152706777950684 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Haglund, M., Nestadt, P. S., Cooper, N. S., Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407000430 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Noradrenergic dysfunction and the psychopharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder
Strawn, J. R., & Geracioti, T. D. (2007) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20292 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Self-citationZoladz, P. R., & Diamond, D. M. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.024 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Role of corticotropin releasing factor in anxiety disorders: A translational research perspective
Risbrough, V. B., & Stein, M. B. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.06.019 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Michopoulos, V., Norrholm, S. D., & Jovanovic, T. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.01.005 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Kendall-Tackett, K. A. (2007) · International Breastfeeding Journal · doi:10.1186/1746-4358-2-6 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Pharmacological treatment of PTSD – Established and new approaches
Steckler, T., & Risbrough, V. B. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.06.012 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Increased cortisol concentrations in hair of severely traumatized Ugandan individuals with PTSD
Steudte‐Schmiedgen, S., Kolassa, I., Stalder, T., Pfeiffer, A., Kirschbaum, C., & Elbert, T. R. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.012 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
de Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Heijnen, C. J., Geuze, E., Lentjes, E. G. W. M., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.12.009 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Shalev, A. Y., Videlock, E. J., Peleg, T., Segman, R. H., Pitman, R. K., & Yehuda, R. (2007) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145707008127 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Luo, H., Hu, X., Liu, X., Ma, X., Guo, W., Qiu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, Q., Zhang, X., Zhang, W., et al. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.12.020 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Genetics of PTSD: fear conditioning as a model for future research
Amstadter, A. B., Nugent, N. R., & Koenen, K. C. (2009) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/00485713-20090526-01 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Posttraumatic stress disorder: A metabolic disorder in disguise?
Michopoulos, V., Vester, A., & Neigh, G. (2016) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.05.038 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Handwerger, K. (2009) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220902996775 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Fox, H. C., Seo, D., Tuit, K., Hansen, J., Kimmerling, A., Morgan, P. T., & Sinha, R. (2012) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881111430746 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
de Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E., Geuze, E., Lentjes, E. G. W. M., Heijnen, C. J., Stalla, G. K., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2007) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)67025-3 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Feder, A., Charney, D. S., & Collins, K. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994791.003 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Geracioti, T. D., Baker, D. G., Kasckow, J. W., Strawn, J. R., Jeffrey Mulchahey, J., Dashevsky, B. A., Horn, P. S., & Ekhator, N. N. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.12.012 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationde Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E., Bikker, A., Meulman, E., Geuze, E., Kavelaars, A., Westenberg, H. G. M., & Heijnen, C. J. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001934 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Increased Cortisol in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Women with Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea
Brundu, B., Loucks, T. L., Adler, L. J., Cameron, J. L., & Berga, S. L. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2005-2422 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Lauková, M., Alaluf, L. G., Serova, L. I., Arango, V., & Sabban, E. L. (2014) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2014-1192 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Elevated plasma arginine vasopressin levels in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
de Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Geuze, E., Wiegant, V. M., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.11.009 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Amstadter, A. B., Nugent, N. R., Yang, B., Miller, A. B., Siburian, R., Moorjani, P., Haddad, S. A., Basu, A., Fagerness, J. A., Saxe, G., et al. (2011) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3233/dma-2011-0761 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Involvement of vasopressin in affective disorders
Surget, A., & Belzung, C. (2008) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.065 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Chaudieu, I., Beluche, I., Norton, J. L., Boulenger, J., Ritchie, K. A., & Ancelin, M. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.07.025 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Golier, J. A., Schmeidler, J., Legge, J., & Yehuda, R. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.04.027 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Amstadter, A. B., Nugent, N. R., Yang, B., Miller, A. B., Siburian, R., Moorjani, P., Haddad, S. A., Basu, A., Fagerness, J. A., Saxe, G., et al. (2011) · Disease Markers · doi:10.1155/2011/928497 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
de Kloet, C. S., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Lentjes, E. G. W. M., Geuze, E., PELT, J. V., Manuel, R., Heijnen, C. J., & Westenberg, H. G. M. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.11.016 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Lima, B. B., Hammadah, M., Wilmot, K. A., Pearce, B. D., Shah, A. J., Levantsevych, O. M., Kaseer, B., Obideen, M., Gafeer, M. M., Kim, J. H., et al. (2018) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.015 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Abnormal Stress Responsivity in a Rodent Developmental Disruption Model of Schizophrenia
Zimmerman, E. C., Bellaire, M., Ewing, S. G., & Grace, A. A. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.110 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Physiologic Changes Associated With Violence and Abuse Exposure
Keeshin, B. R., Cronholm, P. F., & Strawn, J. R. (2011) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838011426152 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Santarsieri, M., Niyonkuru, C., McCullough, E. H., Dobos, J. A., Dixon, C. E., Berga, S. L., & Wagner, A. K. (2013) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2013.3177 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Role of the Glutamatergic System in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Nair, J., & Ajit, S. S. (2008) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900016862 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder: a psychiatric disorder requiring urgent attention
Du, J., Diao, H., Zhou, X., Zhang, C., Chen, Y., Gao, Y. F., & Wang, Y. (2022) · Medical Review · doi:10.1515/mr-2022-0012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Nicholson, E., Bryant, R. A., & Felmingham, K. L. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.11.018 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Association of CRHR1 variants and posttraumatic stress symptoms in hurricane exposed adults
White, S., Acierno, R. E., Ruggiero, K. J., Koenen, K. C., Kilpatrick, D. G., Galea, S., Gelernter, J. E., Williamson, V. S., McMichael, O., Vladimirov, V. I., et al. (2013) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.08.003 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Michopoulos, V., Norrholm, S. D., Stevens, J. S., Glover, E. M., Rothbaum, B. O., Gillespie, C. F., Schwartz, A. C., Ressler, K. J., & Jovanović, T. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.05.023 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine pathways underlying risk and resilience to PTSD in women
Ravi, M., Stevens, J. S., & Michopoulos, V. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100790 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Vythilingam, M., Schmahl, C. G., de Kloet, C. S., Southwick, S. M., Charney, D. S., & Bremner, J. D. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1364.014 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Stress, the brain, and trauma spectrum disorders
Bremner, J. D., & Wittbrodt, M. T. (2020) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2020.01.004 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Keeshin, B. R., Strawn, J. R., Out, D., Granger, D. A., & Putnam, F. W. (2013) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22154 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hollifield, M. A. (2011) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00241.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Corticosteroids, 11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Isozymes and the Rabbit Choroid Plexus
Sinclair, A. J., Onyimba, C., Khosla, P., Vijapurapu, N., Tomlinson, J., Burdon, M., Stewart, P., Murray, P. I., Walker, E. A., & Rauz, S. (2007) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01569.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Walter, M., Gerhard, U., Gerlach, M., Weijers, H., Boening, J., & Wiesbeck, G. A. (2006) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00018.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Vythilingam, M., Gill, J., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Gold, P. W., Collin, C., Bonne, O. B., Plumb, K., Polignano, E., West, K., & Charney, D. S. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.08.006 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Cannabinoids as therapeutics for PTSD
Sbarski, B., & Akirav, I. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107551 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Koebach, A., Schaal, S., Hecker, T., & Elbert, T. R. (2015) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.1986 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Inslicht, S. S., Niles, A. N., Metzler, T. J., Lipshitz, S. L., Otte, C., Milad, M. R., Orr, S. P., Marmar, C. R., & Neylan, T. C. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01222-z · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Gupta, S., & Guleria, R. S. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11132034 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Biological and clinical framework for posttraumatic stress disorder
Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Lanius, R. A. (2012) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52002-9.00018-8 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cortisol levels in cerebrospinal fluid correlate with severity and bacterial origin of meningitis
Holub, M., Beran, O., Džupová, O., Hnyková, J., Lacinová, Z., Příhodová, J., Procházka, B., & Helcl, M. (2007) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/cc5729 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Bangasser, D. A., & Kawasumi, Y. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.04.003 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Wingenfeld, K., Drießen, M., Adam, B., & Hill, A. (2006) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.09.002 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Post-traumatic stress disorder: emerging concepts of pharmacotherapy
Baker, D. G., Nievergelt, C. M., & Risbrough, V. B. (2009) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728210902972494 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationOff-label prescription of quetiapine in psychiatric disorders
ROWE, D. L. (2007) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.7.7.841 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Basal and suppressed salivary cortisol in female Vietnam nurse veterans with and without PTSD
Metzger, L. J., Carson, M. A., Lasko, N. B., Paulus, L. A., Orr, S. P., Pitman, R. K., & Yehuda, R. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.04.020 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Gillespie, C. F., Almli, L. M., Smith, A. K., Bradley, B., Kerley, K. A., Crain, D. F., Mercer, K. B., Weiss, T., Phifer, J. E., Tang, Y., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32147 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
In vitro modeling of the neurobiological effects of glucocorticoids: A review
Bassil, K. C., Krontira, A. C., Leroy, T., Escoto, A. I. H., Snijders, C., Pernia, C. D., Pasterkamp, R. J., de Nijs, L., van den Hove, D., Kenis, G., et al. (2023) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2023.100530 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sleep and psychiatric disorders: Bidirectional interactions and shared neurobiological mechanisms
Hyndych, A., Koval, K., Dzeruzhynska, N., & Mader, E. C. (2025) · PLOS mental health. · doi:10.1371/journal.pmen.0000531 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Steroid hormones in prediction of normal pressure hydrocephalus
Kolátorová, L., Hill, M., Mohapl, M., Vítků, J., & Hampl, R. (2015) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.05.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Traits of fear resistance and susceptibility in an advanced intercross line
McGuire, J. L., Bergstrom, H. C., Parker, C. C., Le, T., Morgan, M. A., Tang, H., Selwyn, R. G., Silva, A. C., Choi, K. H., Ursano, R. J., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12337 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Golier, J. A., Caramanica, K., & Yehuda, R. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.004 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Neurotransmitter, neurohormonal, and neuropeptidal function in stress and PTSD
Bremner, J. D., & Pearce, B. R. (2016) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118356142.ch9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Golier, J. A., Schmeidler, J., & Yehuda, R. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.04.004 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Intranasal Insulin to Treat and Protect Against Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Frey, W. H. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318298302e · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bouncing back: trauma and the HPA-axis in healthy adults
Klaassens, E. R. (2010) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.3402/ejpt.v1i0.5844 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Inslicht, S. S., Richards, A. L., Madden, E., Rao, M. N., O’Donovan, A., Talbot, L. S., Rucker, E., Metzler, T. J., Hauger, R. L., & Neylan, T. C. (2014) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-014-3621-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A Clinician’s Guide to PTSD Biomarkers and Their Potential Future Use
Yang, S. M., Wynn, G. H., & Ursano, R. J. (2018) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20170045 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Gazarini, L., Stern, C. A. J., Takahashi, R. N., & Bertoglio, L. J. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.012 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Peripheral Biomarker Candidates of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Kang, H. J., Yoon, S. J., & Lyoo, I. K. (2015) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en.2015.24.3.186 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Determination of neurosteroids in human cerebrospinal fluid in the 21st century: A review
Teubel, J., & Parr, M. K. (2020) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105753 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Swanberg, K. M., Campos, L., Abdallah, C. G., & Juchem, C. (2022) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470221128004 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lower stress-reactive cortisol in female veterans associated with military status but not PTSD
Pierce, M. E., & Pritchard, L. M. (2016) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2016.1217841 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Papazoglou, K. O. (2017) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244017729407 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Neuroendocrinology of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Bowers, M. E., & Yehuda, R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802175-0.00016-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Bovin, M. J., Wells, S. Y., Rasmusson, A. M., Hayes, J. P., & Resick, P. A. (2014) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch23 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bremner, J. D., Wittbrodt, M. T., Shah, A. J., Pearce, B. D., Gurel, N. Z., Inan, O. T., Raggi, P., Lewis, T. T., Quyyumi, A. A., & Vaccarino, V. (2020) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001100 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Effect of Leptin Administration on Ovulation in Food-Restricted Rhesus Monkeys
Lujan, M. E., Krzemien, A. A., Reid, R. L., & Vugt, D. A. V. (2006) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000097071 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Diminished Vagal and/or Increased Sympathetic Activity in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Agorastos, A., Kellner, M., Baker, D. G., & Stiedl, O. (2015) · Comprehensive Guide to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08613-2_30-1 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSibilia, F., Sheikh‐Bahaei, N., Mack, W. J., & Choupan, J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.02.543504 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Utility of cerebrospinal fluid cortisol level in acute bacterial meningitis
Mahale, R., Mehta, A., Sudhir, U., Javali, M., & Srinivasa, R. (2015) · Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology · doi:10.4103/0972-2327.150626 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Noninvasive Vagal Nerve Stimulation for Opioid Use Disorder
Bremner, J. D. (2023) · Annals of Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.26420/anndepressanxiety.2023.1117 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Posttraumatic Stress
Johnson, S. (2009) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374851-5.00002-0 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neuroactive Steroids in Anxiety and Stress
Finn, D. A., & Purdy, R. H. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470101001.hcn026 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
An Advanced Transcriptional Response to Corticosterone After Single Prolonged Stress in Male Rats
Ding, J., Chen, X., Han, F., & Meijer, O. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.756903 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Rapid modulation of TRH and TRH-like peptide release in rat brain and peripheral tissues by prazosin
Sattin, A., Pekary, A. E., & Blood, J. (2011) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2011.06.012 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gene expression analysis in combat veterans with and without post-traumatic stress disorder
Hollifield, M. A., Moore, D. H., & Yount, G. L. (2013) · Molecular Medicine Reports · doi:10.3892/mmr.2013.1475 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Boundary between Hypochondriasis, Personality Dysfunction, and Trauma
Hollifield, M. A., & Finlay, L. D. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reviews · doi:10.2174/1573400509666131119005651 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
King, A. P. J. (2018) · Integrating psychiatry and primary care · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-74736-1_10 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Diminished Vagal and/or Increased Sympathetic Activity in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Agorastos, A., Kellner, M. B., Baker, D. G., & Stiedl, O. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08359-9_30 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationZoladz, P. R. (2008) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Miller, M. W., Wolf, E. J., Fabricant, L. E., & Stein, N. R. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-329-9_13 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Baker, D. G., Ekhator, N. N., Kasckow, J. W., Dashevsky, B., Horn, P. S., Bednarik, L., & Geracioti, T. D.
- Affiliations
- VA San Diego Healthcare System (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2005-05-01
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 992-994
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W2163655547
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 12.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, basal cortisol, combat veterans, ACTH, corticotropin-releasing factor, plasma cortisol, urinary free cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- MeSH terms
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Adult, Catheterization, Peripheral, Catheters, Indwelling, Circadian Rhythm, Combat Disorders, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Spinal Puncture, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Subarachnoid Space, Veterans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review