Genetics of PTSD: fear conditioning as a model for future research
Open accessAbstract
In the last decade, the number of publications in psychiatric genetics has nearly tripled but little attention has been paid to the role of genetic factors in the etiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present review summarizes the current state of genetic research on PTSD. First, we outline information regarding genetic influences provided by family investigations and by twin studies. Second, we propose the fear-conditioning model of PTSD as a framework for the nomination of candidate genes that may be related to the disorder. Third, we review lines of evidence from three neurobiological systems involved in fear conditioning, and we summarize published investigations of genetic variants studied in association with PTSD in these three systems. Finally, we review gene-by-environment interaction research, a promising novel approach to genetic research in PTSD.
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Fear conditioning provides a potential framework for studying these phenotypes.
“Fear conditioning provides a potential framework for studying these phenotypes [see Ref. (55, 56)].”
From Conditioned fear associated phenotypes as robust, translational indices of trauma-, stressor-, and anxiety-related behaviors (2014) · cites this paper as [55]
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- Authors
- Amstadter, A. B., Nugent, N. R., & Koenen, K. C.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Annals
- Publisher
- SLACK, Inc.
- Published
- 2009-06
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 358-367
- ISSN
- 0048-5713 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2456
- PMC
- PMC2749314
- OpenAlex
- W1975045368
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 13.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatric Annals (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K01MH087240, R01MH078928, F32MH083469, K08MH070627, T32MH078788)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, fear conditioning, candidate genes, family studies, twin studies, gene-environment interaction, genetic variants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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