Cited by 191Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchStress Responses and CortisolChild Abuse and Trauma

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Pre-Existing High Glucocorticoid Receptor Number Predicting Development of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms After Military Deployment

van Zuiden, Mirjam, Geuze, Elbert, Willemen, Hanneke L.D.M., Vermetten, Eric, Maas, Mirjam, Heijnen, Cobi J., Kavelaars, Annemieke·2011·American Journal of Psychiatry

DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050706

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: The development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is influenced by preexisting vulnerability factors. The authors aimed at identifying a preexisting biomarker representing a vulnerability factor for the development of PTSD. To that end, they determined whether the dexamethasone binding capacity of leukocytes, as a measure of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) number, before exposure to trauma was a predictor of development of PTSD symptoms. In addition, the authors analyzed mRNA expression for GR subtypes and GR target genes. METHOD: Participants were selected from a large prospective study on deployment-related disorders, in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained prior to and 1 and 6 months after military deployment. Participants included armed forces personnel with high levels of PTSD symptoms 6 months after deployment (N=34) and comparison subjects without high levels of PTSD or depressive symptoms (N=34) matched for age, rank, previous deployments, educational level, and function during deployment. RESULTS: Before military deployment, the GR number in PBMCs was significantly higher in participants who developed high levels of PTSD symptoms after deployment relative to matched comparison subjects. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk for inclusion in the PTSD group after deployment increased 7.5-fold with each GR increase of 1,000. No group differences were observed in mRNA expression of GR-α, GR-P, GR-β, glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper (GILZ), serum and glucocorticoid-inducible kinase-1 (SGK-1), and FKBP5. The higher GR number in the PTSD group was maintained at 1 and 6 months after deployment. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that a preexisting high GR number in PBMCs is a vulnerability factor for subsequent development of PTSD symptoms.

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Authors: van Zuiden, M., Geuze, E., Willemen, H. L. D. M., Vermetten, E., Maas, M., Heijnen, C. J., & Kavelaars, A.
Affiliations: University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
ORCID: van Zuiden, Mirjam
Geuze, Elbert
Willemen, Hanneke L.D.M.
Vermetten, Eric
Heijnen, Cobi J.
Kavelaars, Annemieke
Venue: American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher: American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published: 2011-01
Volume: 168
Issue: 1
Pages: 89-96
ISSN: 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
1535-7228
DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050706
OpenAlex: W2120546159
Cited by: 190
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 15.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: post-traumatic stress disorder, glucocorticoid receptor, leukocytes, military deployment, vulnerability factors, biomarkers, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, GILZ, SGK1, FKBP5, trauma exposure
MeSH terms: Tacrolimus Binding Protein 5, Serum-Glucocorticoid Regulated Kinases, Adult, Depression, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Military Personnel, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Risk Factors, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Transcription Factors, Biomarkers, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Immediate-Early Proteins, Tacrolimus Binding Proteins, Self Report

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Pre-Existing High Glucocorticoid Receptor Number Predicting Development of Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms After Military Deployment

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