Analysis of 94 Candidate Genes and 12 Endophenotypes for Schizophrenia From the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia
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OBJECTIVE: The authors used a custom array of 1,536 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to interrogate 94 functionally relevant candidate genes for schizophrenia and identify associations with 12 heritable neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes in data collected by the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia. METHOD: Variance-component association analyses of 534 genotyped subjects from 130 families were conducted by using Merlin software. A novel bootstrap total significance test was also developed to overcome the limitations of existing genomic multiple testing methods and robustly demonstrate significant associations in the context of complex family data and possible population stratification effects. RESULTS: Associations with endophenotypes were observed for 46 genes of potential functional significance, with three SNPs at p<10(-4), 27 SNPs at p<10(-3), and 147 SNPs at p<0.01. The bootstrap analyses confirmed that the 47 SNP-endophenotype combinations with the strongest evidence of association significantly exceeded that expected by chance alone, with 93% of these findings expected to be true. Many of the genes interact on a molecular level, and eight genes (e.g., NRG1 and ERBB4) displayed evidence for pleiotropy, revealing associations with four or more endophenotypes. The results collectively support a strong role for genes related to glutamate signaling in mediating schizophrenia susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports use of relevant endophenotypes and the bootstrap total significance test for identifying genetic variation underlying the etiology of schizophrenia. In addition, the observation of extensive pleiotropy for some genes and singular associations for others suggests alternative, independent pathways mediating pathogenesis in the "group of schizophrenias."
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The Research Domain Criteria project involves measurement of common physiological, neuropsychological, or brain imaging markers to identify a patient subgroup or alternately be themselves a target for treatment.
“The Research Domain Criteria project (73,74) involves measurement of common physiological, neuropsychological, or brain imaging markers to identify a patient subgroup or alternately be themselves a target for treatment.”
From Pediatric psychopharmacology: Too much or too little? (2013) · cites this paper as [74]
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes measuring neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes and proposes that genes associated with them may serve as biomarkers for early identification and as treatment targets. It does not describe the Research Domain Criteria project or brain-imaging markers, and its proposed treatment targets are genes rather than the measured markers themselves. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNRG1 forms neuregulin.
“Another related gene is NRG1 which forms neuregulin (28, 29).”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
Both PPI and P50 deficits have been associated with entire networks of genetic variants in schizophrenia in the NIMH Consortium of Genetics Studies of Schizophrenia study.
“As the scope of genomic analysis has increased, both deficits have been associated with entire networks of genetic variants in schizophrenia in the NIMH Consortium of Genetics Studies of Schizophrenia study, which examines the relationships of these phenotypes to the cognitive and genetic aspects of schizophrenia (28).”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
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NCAM1 and Neurocognition in Schizophrenia
Sullivan, P. F., Keefe, R. S. E., Lange, L. A., Lange, E. M., Stroup, T. S., Lieberman, J. A., & Maness, P. F. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.036 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
D, A. O. M., BRAFF, D. L., Adler, L. E., Cadenhead, K. S., Calkins, M. E., Dobie, D. J., Green, M. F., Greenwood, T. A., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., et al. (2010) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2010.03.004 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, W.-Y., Shi, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhao, X., Zhang, G., Chen, S.-Q., Yang, P.-D., & He, L. (2004) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddh322 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Chen, Q., He, G., Chen, Q., Wu, S., Xu, Y., Feng, G., Li, Y., Wang, L., & He, L. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.002 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Li, T., Ma, X., Sham, P. C., Sun, X., Hu, X., Wang, Q., Meng, H., Deng, W., Liu, X., Murray, R. M., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30049 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Successful multi-site measurement of antisaccade performance deficits in schizophrenia
Radant, A. D., Dobie, D. J., Calkins, M. E., D, A. O. M., BRAFF, D. L., Cadenhead, K. S., Freedman, R., Green, M. F., Greenwood, T. A., Gur, R. E., et al. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.08.010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation of AKT1 haplotype with the risk of schizophrenia in Iranian population
Bajestan, S. N., Sabouri, A. H., Nakamura, M., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30291 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Li, D., & He, L. (2007) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.gim.0000250507.96760.4b · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Association of SNPs and haplotypes in GABAA receptor β2 gene with schizophrenia
Lo, W.-S., Lau, C.-F., Xuan, Z., Chan, C.-F., Feng, G.-Y., He, L., Cao, Z.-C., Liu, H., Luan, Q.-M., & Xue, H. (2003) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001461 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Qu, M., Tang, F., Yue, W., Ruan, Y., Lu, T., Liu, Z., Zhang, H., Han, Y., Zhang, D., Wang, F., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30322 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 Genotype and Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia
DeRosse, P., Hodgkinson, C. A., Lencz, T., Burdick, K. E., Kane, J. M., Goldman, D. A., & Malhotra, A. K. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.023 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Ma, J., Qin, W. D., Wang, X. Y., Guo, T. W., Bian, L., Duan, S., Li, X. W., Zou, F. G., Fang, Y., Fang, J., et al. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001788 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Genetic association between schizophrenia and the DISC1 gene in the Scottish population
Zhang, F., Sarginson, J. E., Crombie, C., Walker, N., StClair, D., & Shaw, D. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30274 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Fann, C. S. J., Liu, C., Chen, W. J., Wu, J., Chung, W., Chen, C., Jou, Y., Liu, S.-K., Hwang, T., et al. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.024 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Zhao, X., Li, H., Shi, Y., Tang, R., Chen, W., Liu, J., Feng, G., Shi, J., Yan, L., Liu, H., et al. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.023 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Effect of treatment status on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle in schizophrenia
Duncan, E., Szilagyi, S., Efferen, T. R., Schwartz, M. P., Parwani, A., Chakravorty, S., Madonick, S. H., Kunzova, A., Harmon, J. W., Angrist, B., et al. (2003) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-002-1372-z · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Transcription Factor SP4 Is a Susceptibility Gene for Bipolar Disorder
Zhou, X., Tang, W., Greenwood, T. A., Guo, S., He, L., Geyer, M. A., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005196 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationIkeda, M., Iwata, N., Kitajima, T., Suzuki, T., Yamanouchi, Y., Kinoshita, Y., & Ozaki, N. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300901 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Talkowski, M. E., Mansour, H., Chowdari, K. V., Wood, J. A., Butler, A., Varma, P. G., Prasad, S., Semwal, P., Triptish Bhatia, A., Deshpande, S. N., et al. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
TAMAL: an integrated approach to choosing SNPs for genetic studies of human complex traits
Hemminger, B. M., Saelim, B., & Sullivan, P. F. (2006) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btk025 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Swerdlow, N. R., Sprock, J., Light, G. A., Cadenhead, K. S., Calkins, M. E., Dobie, D. J., Freedman, R., Green, M. F., Greenwood, T. A., Gur, R. E., et al. (2007) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.01.012 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationMore evidence supports the association of PPP3CC with schizophrenia
Liu, Y. L., Fann, C. S. J., Liu, C., Chang, C.-C., Yang, W. C., Chung, W., Yu, S., Hwang, T., Hsieh, M. H., Liu, C., et al. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001977 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, T., Zhang, F., Liu, X., et al. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001718 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Korostishevsky, M., Kremer, I., Kaganovich, M., Cholostoy, A., Murad, I., Muhaheed, M., Bannoura, I., Rietschel, M., Dobrusin, M., Bening-Abu-Shach, U., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30212 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Schizotypal dimensions: An intermediate phenotype associated with the COMT high activity allele
Schürhoff, F., Szöke, A., Chevalier, F., Roy, I., Méary, A., Bellivier, F., Bruno Giros, A., & Leboyer, M. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30395 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Chen, Q.-Y., Chen, Q., Feng, G., Lindpaintner, K., Wang, L., Chen, Z., Gao, Z.-S., Tang, J., Huang, G., & He, L. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.01.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Association of DAAO with schizophrenia in the Chinese population
Liu, X., He, G., Wang, X., Chen, Q., Qian, X., Lin, W., Li, D., Gu, N., Feng, G., & He, L. (2004) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2004.07.078 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Association of DRD2 gene variant with schizophrenia
Kukreti, R., Tripathi, S., Bhatnagar, P., Gupta, S., Chauhan, C. R., Kubendran, S., Reddy, Y. C. J., Jain, S., & Brahmachari, S. K. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.059 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Fukui, N., Muratake, T., Kaneko, N., Amagane, H., & Someya, T. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.11.015 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Radant, A. D., Dobie, D. J., Calkins, M. E., D, A. O. M., BRAFF, D. L., Cadenhead, K. S., Freedman, R., Green, M. F., Greenwood, T. A., Gur, R. E., et al. (2010) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01004.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationRole of glutamate in schizophrenia: integrating excitatory avenues of research
Sodhi, M., Wood, K. H., & Meador‐Woodruff, J. H. (2008) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.8.9.1389 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Shifman, S., Levit, A., Chen, M., Chen, C., Bronstein, M., Weizman, A., Yakir, B., Navon, R., & Darvasi, A. (2006) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-006-0195-0 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lo, W.-S., Harano, M., Gawlik, M., Yu, Z., Chen, J., Pun, F. W., Tong, K.-L., Zhao, C., Ng, S.-K., Tsang, S., et al. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.05.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Shibata, H., Aramaki, T., Sakai, M., et al. (2005) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.07.015 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Deng, X., Shibata, H., Ninomiya, H., Tashiro, N., Iwata, N., Ozaki, N., & Fukumaki, Y. (2004) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-4-21 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Pae, C., Yu, H.-S., Amann, D., Kim, J.-J., Lee, C., Lee, S.-J., Jun, T., Lee, C., Paik, I., Patkar, A. A., et al. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.09.011 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Association of DAOA polymorphisms with schizophrenia and clinical symptoms or therapeutic effects
Yue, W., Kang, G., Zhang, Y., Qu, M., Tang, F., Han, Y., Ruan, Y., Lu, T., Zhang, J., & Zhang, D. (2007) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.056 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Richards, M., Iijima, Y., Kondo, H., et al. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-39 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Domínguez, E., Loza, M. I., Padín, J. F., et al. (2006) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2006.09.022 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Variations in the NMDA receptor subunit 2B gene (GRIN2B) and schizophrenia: A case‐control study
Maria, E. D., Gulli, R., Begni, S., Luca, A. D., Bignotti, S., Pasini, A., Bellone, E., Pizzuti, A., Dallapiccola, B., Novelli, G., et al. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30028 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Yu, Z., Chen, J., Shi, H., et al. (2006) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2006.01.009 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Owen, M. J., O’Donovan, M. C., & Gottesman, I. I. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780192631480.003.0010 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Association between schizophrenia and DRD3 or HTR2 receptor gene variants
Baritaki, S., Rizos, E. N., Zafiropoulos, A., et al. (2004) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201180 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Nakajima, M., Hattori, E., Yamada, K., Iwayama, Y., Toyota, T., Iwata, Y., Tsuchiya, K. J., Sugihara, G., Hashimoto, K., Watanabe, H., et al. (2006) · Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10038-006-0084-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Further evidence for association of GRK3 to bipolar disorder suggests a second disease mutation
Barrett, T. B., Emberton, J. E., Nievergelt, C. M., Liang, S. G., Hauger, R. L., Eskin, E., Schork, N. J., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2007) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e3282efeeb4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationГолимбет, В. Е., Lavrushina, O. M., Каледа, В. Г., et al. (2007) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2006.06.002 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Genetics of Mental Disorders: A Guide for Students, Clinicians, and Researchers.
Jacobson, K. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200009000-00015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A review and re‐evaluation of an association between the NOTCH4 locus and schizophrenia
Wang, Z., Wei, J., Zhang, X., Guo, Y., Xu, Q., Liu, S., Shi, J., Yu, Y., Ju, G., Li, Y., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30383 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Association between the 5q31.1 gene neurogenin1 and schizophrenia
Fanous, A. H., Chen, X., Wang, X., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30423 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Is NOTCH4 associated with schizophrenia?
Zhang, X., Wei, J., Yu, Y., et al. (2004) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/00041444-200403000-00007 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Structure, Function, and Pharmacology of Glutamate Receptor Ion Channels
Hansen, K. B., Wollmuth, L. P., Bowie, D., Furukawa, H., Menniti, F. S., Sobolevsky, A. I., Swanson, G. T., Swanger, S. A., Greger, I. H., Nakagawa, T., et al. (2021) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.120.000131 · Cited by 686 · see citing works
Gao, R., & Penzes, P. (2015) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524015666150303003028 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
The genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review
on behalf of the International Multicentre persistent ADHD CollaboraTion (IMpACT), Franke, B., Faraone, S. V., Asherson, P., Buitelaar, J., Bau, C. H. D., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Mick, E., Grevet, E. H., Johansson, S., et al. (2012) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2011.138 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia
Javitt, D. C., & Freedman, R. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121691 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Self-citationSatterthwaite, T. D., Connolly, J. J., Ruparel, K., Calkins, M. E., Jackson, C., Elliott, M. A., Roalf, D. R., Hopson, R., Prabhakaran, K., Behr, M., et al. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.03.056 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
“The Penn computerized neurocognitive battery (Penn CNB) has been widely used in large-scale studies of psychiatric illness and collaborative genomics studies (Calkins et al., 2010; Greenwood et al., 2011).”
Self-citationPsychometric Properties of the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery
Moore, T. M., Reise, S. P., Gur, R. E., Hakonarson, H., & Gur, R. C. (2015) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000093 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging roles of GluN3-containing NMDA receptors in the CNS
Pérez-Otaño, I., Larsen, R. S., & Wesseling, J. F. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.92 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Gandal, M. J., Sisti, J., Klook, K., Ortinski, P. I., Leitman, V, Liang, Y., Thieu, T., Anderson, R., Pierce, R. C., Jonak, G., et al. (2012) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2012.69 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Self-citationPerinatal Choline Effects on Neonatal Pathophysiology Related to Later Schizophrenia Risk
Ross, R. G., Hunter, S. K., McCarthy, L., Beuler, J., Hutchison, A. K., Wagner, B. D., Leonard, S., Stevens, K. E., & Freedman, R. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070940 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationHPA axis genetic variation, cortisol and psychosis in major depression
Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Tennakoon, L., Lembke, A., Williams, G., Kraemer, F. B., Sarginson, J. E., Lazzeroni, L. C., & Murphy, G. M. (2014) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.129 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopmental vulnerability of synapses and circuits associated with neuropsychiatric disorders
Penzes, P., Buonanno, A., Passafaro, M., Sala, C., & Sweet, R. A. (2013) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.12261 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Pediatric psychopharmacology: Too much or too little?
Rapoport, J. L. (2013) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.20028 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Harvey, P. D., Aslan, M., Du, M., Zhao, H., Siever, L. J., Pulver, A., Gaziano, J. M., & Concato, J. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000245 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationBespalova, I. N., Angelo, G. W., Ritter, B. P., Hunter, J., Reyes-Rabanillo, M. L., Siever, L. J., & Silverman, J. M. (2012) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-012-8169-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
- Authors
- Greenwood, T. A., Lazzeroni, L. C., Murray, S. S., Cadenhead, K. S., Calkins, M. E., Dobie, D. J., Green, M. F., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Hardiman, G., Kelsoe, J. R., Leonard, S., Light, G. A., Nuechterlein, K. H., Olincy, A., Radant, A. D., Schork, N. J., Seidman, L. J., Siever, L. J., Silverman, J. M., Stone, W. S., Swerdlow, N. R., Tsuang, D. W., Tsuang, M. T., Turetsky, B. I., Freedman, R., & Braff, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Scripps Research Institute (US)
- From the Department of Psychiatry, the Department of Medicine, and the Biomedical Genomics Laboratory, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla; the San Diego VA Healthcare System; Scripps Genomic Medicine and the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif.; the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.; the Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania,...
- ORCID
- Greenwood, Tiffany A.
- Lazzeroni, Laura C.
- Murray, Sarah S.
- Cadenhead, Kristin S.
- Calkins, Monica E.
- Green, Michael F.
- Gur, Raquel E.
- Gur, Ruben C.
- Hardiman, Gary
- Kelsoe, John R.
- Light, Gregory A.
- Nuechterlein, Keith H.
- Schork, Nicholas J.
- Seidman, Larry J.
- Silverman, Jeremy M.
- Stone, William S.
- Swerdlow, Neal R.
- Tsuang, Debby W.
- Tsuang, Ming T.
- Freedman, Robert
- Braff, David L.
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2011-09
- Volume
- 168
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 930-946
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC3751972
- OpenAlex
- W2139776339
- Cited by
- 257
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 24.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH086383, R01MH065707, R01MH86135, R01MH065588, R01MH065578, K01MH087889, R01MH065558, R01MH086135, R01MH065554, R01MH065571, R01MH065562)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK063491, P30DK063491)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, candidate genes, endophenotypes, single nucleotide polymorphisms, genetic association, family-based association, multiple testing correction, population stratification, pleiotropy, neuregulin-1, ErbB4, glutamate signaling, neurocognitive endophenotypes
- MeSH terms
- Cognition Disorders, Epistasis, Genetic, Genotype, Humans, Schizophrenia, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genetic Association Studies, Endophenotypes, Genetic Pleiotropy
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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