Psychometric Properties of the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery
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OBJECTIVE: The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB) was designed to measure performance accuracy and speed on specific neurobehavioral domains using tests that were previously validated with functional neuroimaging. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the neuropsychological theory used to construct the CNB by confirming the factor structure of the tests composing it. METHOD: In a large community sample (N = 9,138; age range 8-21), we performed a correlated-traits confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and multiple exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) on the 12 CNB measures of Efficiency (which combine Accuracy and Speed). We then performed EFAs of the Accuracy and Speed measures separately. Finally, we performed a confirmatory bifactor analysis of the Efficiency scores. All analyses were performed with Mplus using maximum likelihood estimation. RESULTS: RESULTS strongly support the a priori theory used to construct the CNB, showing that tests designed to measure executive, episodic memory, complex cognition, and social cognition aggregate their loadings within these domains. When Accuracy and Speed were analyzed separately, Accuracy produced 3 reliable factors: executive and complex cognition, episodic memory, and social cognition, while speed produced 2 factors: tests that require fast responses and those where each item requires deliberation. The statistical "Fit" of almost all models described above was acceptable (usually excellent). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the analysis from these large-scale data, the CNB offers an effective means for measuring the integrity of intended neurocognitive domains in about 1 hour of testing and is thus suitable for large-scale clinical and genomic studies.
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The Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery was built to be highly reliable, psychometrically robust, and to incorporate tasks linked to specific brain systems.
“This battery was built to be highly-reliable, psychometrically-robust, and to incorporate tasks linked to specific brain systems.”
From Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability (2019) · cites this paper as [68]
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Neurostructural Heterogeneity in Youth with Internalizing Symptoms
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The Psychosis Spectrum in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Is Comparable to That of Nondeleted Youths
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Self-citationScott, J. C., Wolf, D. H., Calkins, M. E., Bach, E. C., Weidner, J., Ruparel, K., Moore, T. M., Jones, J. D., Jackson, C. T., Gur, R. E., et al. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000268 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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Self-citationFunctional hypergraph uncovers novel covariant structures over neurodevelopment
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Self-citationVerbal memory functioning moderates psychotherapy treatment response for PTSD-Related nightmares
Scott, J. C., Harb, G. C., Brownlow, J. A., Greene, J. L., Gur, R. C., & Ross, R. J. M. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.01.004 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationPetrican, R., Taylor, M. J., & Grady, C. L. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.09.025 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Blain, S. D., Grazioplene, R. G., Ma, Y., & DeYoung, C. G. (2019) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbz103 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Steeper discounting of delayed rewards in schizophrenia but not first-degree relatives
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Basner, M., Dinges, D. F., Howard, K., Moore, T. M., Gur, R. C., Mühl, C., & Stahn, A. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.643854 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationNeurocognitive performance in family-based and case-control studies of schizophrenia
Gur, R. C., BRAFF, D. L., Calkins, M. E., Dobie, D. J., Freedman, R., Greenwood, T. A., Greenwood, T. A., Lazzeroni, L. C., Light, G. A., Nuechterlein, K. H., et al. (2014) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2014.10.049 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosis superspectrum I: Nosology, etiology, and lifespan development
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Self-citationAlexander‐Bloch, A. F., Huguet, G., Schultz, L. M., Huffnagle, N., Jacquemont, S., Seidlitz, J., Saci, Z., Moore, T. M., Bethlehem, R. A. I., Mollon, J., et al. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.1017 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationFonseca‐Pedrero, E., Inchausti, F., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., & Sierra, J. O. (2018) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1740 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Development of Network Topology and Functional Connectivity of the Prefrontal Cortex.
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Efficient coding in the economics of human brain connectomics
Zhou, D., Lynn, C. W., Cui, Z., Ćirić, R., Baum, G. L., Moore, T. M., Roalf, D. R., Detre, J. A., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., et al. (2021) · Network Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/netn_a_00223 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationBasner, M., Hermosillo, E., Nasrini, J., Saxena, S., Dinges, D. F., Moore, T. M., & Gur, R. C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2020.1773765 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSassenberg, T. A., Burton, P. C., Mwilambwe-Tshilobo, L., Jung, R. E., Rustichini, A., Spreng, R. N., & DeYoung, C. G. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120081 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Moore, T. M., Scott, J. C., Reise, S. P., Port, A. M., Jackson, C. T., Ruparel, K., Savitt, A. P., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000102 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationPower spectra reveal distinct BOLD resting-state time courses in white matter
Li, M., Gao, Y., Ding, Z., & Gore, J. C. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2103104118 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Nuechterlein, K. H., Nasrallah, H. A., & Velligan, D. I. (2024) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbae051 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Service, S. K., Upeguí, C. V., Ramírez, M. C., Port, A. M., Moore, T. M., Umanes, M. M., Arango, L. G. A., Díaz‐Zuluaga, A. M., Espejo, J. M., López, M. C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30098-5 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationWaters, A. B., Mace, R. A., Sawyer, K. S., & Gansler, D. A. (2018) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-018-9951-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mapping brain-behavior space relationships along the psychosis spectrum
Ji, J. L., Helmer, M., Fonteneau, C., Burt, J. B., Tamayo, Z., Demšar, J., Adkinson, B. D., Savić, A., Preller, K. H., Moujaes, F., et al. (2021) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.66968 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
The sampling precision of research in five major areas of psychology
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Experiencias psicóticas atenuadas y consumo de cannabis en adolescentes de la población general
Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., Lucas‐Molina, B., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., Inchausti, F., & Sierra, J. O. (2019) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.1149 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Youth Mental Health Risk and Resilience Study (YouR-Study)
Uhlhaas, P. J., Gajwani, R., Groß, J., Gumley, A. I., Lawrie, S. M., & Schwannauer, M. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1206-5 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Haining, K., Gajwani, R., Groß, J., Gumley, A. I., Ince, R. A. A., Lawrie, S. M., Schultze‐Lutter, F., Schwannauer, M., & Uhlhaas, P. J. (2021) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-021-01315-2 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability
Lasker, J., Pesta, B. J., Fuerst, J. G. R., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010034 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Participants were administered the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PCNB; [68]).”
MethodWang, Y., Guan, H., Ma, L., Luo, J., Chu, C., Hu, M., Zhao, G., Men, W., Tan, S., Gao, J.-H., et al. (2023) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac206 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Basner, M., Nasrini, J., Hermosillo, E., McGuire, S., Dinges, D. F., Moore, T. M., Gur, R. C., Rittweger, J., Mulder, E. R., Wittkowski, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00855.2017 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Relationship Between Midday Napping And Neurocognitive Function in Early Adolescents
Ji, X., Li, J., & Liu, J. (2018) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2018.1425868 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Structural Brain Alterations in Youth With Psychosis and Bipolar Spectrum Symptoms
Jalbrzikowski, M., Freedman, D., Hegarty, C. E., Mennigen, E., Karlsgodt, K. H., Loohuis, L. M. O., Ophoff, R. A., Gur, R. E., & Bearden, C. E. (2019) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2018.11.012 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationYi, J. J., Weinberger, R., Moore, T. M., Calkins, M. E., Guri, Y., McDonald‐McGinn, D. M., Zackai, E. H., Emanuel, B. S., Gur, R. E., Gothelf, D., et al. (2016) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2016.02.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationFonseca‐Pedrero, E., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., Al‐Halabí, S., Lucas‐Molina, B., Sierra, J. O., Díez-Gómez, A., Pérez‐Sáenz, J., Inchausti, F., Valero-García, A. V., García, A. G., et al. (2023) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2023a3 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents: A Latent Class Analysis
Díez-Gómez, A., Pérez‐Albéniz, A., Sebastián‐Enesco, C., & Fonseca‐Pedrero, E. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17082820 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Nassar, R., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Xia, C. H., Sotiras, A., Pehlivanova, M., Moore, T. M., de la Garza, Á. G., Roalf, D. R., Rosen, A. F. G., Lorch, S. A., et al. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy091 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationGur, R. C., Butler, E. R., Moore, T. M., Rosen, A. F. G., Ruparel, K., Satterthwaite, T. D., Roalf, D. R., Gennatas, E. D., Bilker, W. B., Shinohara, R. T., et al. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa282 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of head-down tilt bed rest plus elevated CO2 on cognitive performance
Basner, M., Stahn, A. C., Nasrini, J., Dinges, D. F., Moore, T. M., Gur, R. C., Mühl, C., Macias, B. R., & Laurie, S. S. (2021) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00865.2020 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, S. X., Cong, Y., Nikzad, A. H., Mehta, A., Cho, S., Hänsel, K., Berretta, S. A., Dhar, A. A., Kane, J. M., & Malhotra, A. K. (2022) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2022.06.012 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., Sierra, J. O., Inchausti, F., Testal, J. F. R., & Debbané, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00967 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fonseca‐Pedrero, E., Sierra, J. O., & Pérez‐Albéniz, A. (2020) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.rpsm.2020.01.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Haining, K., Matrunola, C., Mitchell, L., Gajwani, R., Gross, J., Gumley, A., Lawrie, S., Schwannauer, M., Schultze-Lutter, F., & Uhlhaas, P. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718003975 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neurocognitive and functional heterogeneity in depressed youth
Baller, E. B., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Sotiras, A., Adebimpe, A., Bassett, D. S., Calkins, M. E., Chand, G. B., Cui, Z., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., et al. (2020) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-020-00871-w · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationFabri, T. L., O’Mahony, J., Fadda, G., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., Yeh, E. A., Banwell, B., & Till, C. (2022) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2022.103689 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationEmergent, remitted and persistent psychosis-spectrum symptoms in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
Tang, S. X., Moore, T. M., Calkins, M. E., Yi, J. J., McDonald‐McGinn, D. M., Zackai, E. H., Emanuel, B. S., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.157 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationFonseca‐Pedrero, E., Sierra, J. O., & Pérez‐Albéniz, A. (2020) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rpsmen.2020.01.003 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gu, S., Xia, C. H., Ćirić, R., Moore, T. M., Gur, R. C., Gur, R. E., Satterthwaite, T. D., & Bassett, D. S. (2019) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz150 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationMoore, T. M., Gur, R. C., Thomas, M. L., Brown, G. G., Nock, M. K., Savitt, A. P., Keilp, J. G., Heeringa, S. G., Ursano, R. J., Stein, M. B., et al. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116689820 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationHochberger, W. C., Thomas, M. L., Joshi, Y. B., Swerdlow, N. R., BRAFF, D. L., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., & Light, G. A. (2019) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2019.10.011 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationPower and reproducibility in the external validation of brain-phenotype predictions
Rosenblatt, M., Tejavibulya, L., Sun, H.-L., Camp, C. C., Khaitova, M., Adkinson, B. D., Jiang, R., Westwater, M., Noble, S., & Scheinost, D. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01931-7 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Neurocognitive Performance as an Endophenotype for Mood Disorder Subgroups
Merikangas, A., Cui, L., Calkins, M., Moore, T. M., Gur, R., Gur, R. E., & Merikangas, K. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Psychosis in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Niarchou, M., Calkins, M. E., Moore, T. M., Tang, S. X., McDonald‐McGinn, D. M., Zackai, E. H., Emanuel, B. S., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbx113 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, J. D., Boyd, R. C., Calkins, M. E., Moore, T. M., Ahmed, A., Barzilay, R., Benton, T. D., Gur, R. E., & Gur, R. C. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13239 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationResample aggregating improves the generalizability of connectome predictive modeling
O’Connor, D. A., Lake, E. M. R., Scheinost, D., & Constable, R. T. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118044 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gur, R. E., Moore, T. M., Calkins, M. E., Ruparel, K., & Gur, R. C. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.03.010 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationPolygenic risk for psychiatric disorders correlates with executive function in typical development
Schork, A., Brown, T., Hagler, D., Thompson, W., Chen, C.-H., Dale, A., Jernigan, T., & Akshoomoff, N. (2018) · Genes, Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12480 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- Moore, T. M., Reise, S. P., Gur, R. E., Hakonarson, H., & Gur, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Venue
- Neuropsychology
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 235-246
- ISSN
- 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
- 1931-1559
- PMC
- PMC4345134
- OpenAlex
- W2005900392
- Cited by
- 325
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 15.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH089983, MH089924, MH019112)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- factor structure, executive function, episodic memory, complex cognition, social cognition, neuropsychological theory, bifactor analysis, computerized cognitive assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Cognition, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
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