Trends in Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Access to Mental Health Care, 2004–2012
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OBJECTIVE: This study compared trends in racial-ethnic disparities in mental health care access among whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians by using the Institute of Medicine definition of disparities as all differences except those due to clinical appropriateness, clinical need, and patient preferences. METHODS: Racial-ethnic disparities in mental health care access were examined by using data from a nationally representative sample of 214,597 adults from the 2004-2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys. The main outcome measures included three mental health care access measures (use of any mental health care, any outpatient care, and any psychotropic medication in the past year). RESULTS: Significant disparities were found in 2004-2005 and in 2011-2012 for all three racial-ethnic minority groups compared with whites in all three measures of access. Between 2004 and 2012, black-white disparities in any mental health care and any psychotropic medication use increased, respectively, from 8.2% to 10.8% and from 7.6% to 10.0%. Similarly, Hispanic-white disparities in any mental health care and any psychotropic medication use increased, respectively, from 8.4% to 10.9% and 7.3% to 10.3%. CONCLUSIONS: No reductions in racial-ethnic disparities in access to mental health care were identified between 2004 and 2012. For blacks and Hispanics, disparities were exacerbated over this period. Clinical interventions that improve identification of symptoms of mental illness, expansion of health insurance, and other policy interventions that remove financial barriers to access may help to reduce these disparities.
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People from culturally and linguistically diverse groups are less likely to engage mental health services than members of the wider population, due to a lack of knowledge of services and how to access them, communication barriers, financial barriers, racism, and culturally insensitive practices.
“For example, people from culturally and linguistically diverse groups are less likely to engage mental health services than members of the wider population, due to a lack of knowledge of services and how to access them, communication barriers, financial barriers, racism, and culturally insensitive practices [95–97].”
From Explaining adults’ mental health help-seeking through the lens of the theory of planned behavior: A scoping review (2022) · cites this paper as [96]
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- Authors
- Cook, B. L., Trinh, N.-H., Li, Z., Hou, S. S.-Y., & Progovac, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
- Venue
- Psychiatric Services
- Published
- 2017-01-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 9-16
- ISSN
- 0022-1597 (ISSN-L)
- 1075-2730
- 1557-9700
- PMC
- PMC5895177
- OpenAlex
- W2479559945
- Cited by
- 546
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 107 · 2021: 59 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 21.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychiatric Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R01HS021486)
- National Institute of Mental Health (T32MH019733)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- racial and ethnic disparities, access to mental health care, black-white disparities, Hispanic-white disparities, psychotropic drug use, outpatient psychiatric care, health care utilization trends, health insurance coverage, financial barriers to care, ethnic minorities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Black or African American, Female, Health Services Accessibility, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Male, Mental Health Services, Middle Aged, United States, Healthcare Disparities, Young Adult
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