A controlled study of agoraphobia and the independent effect of virtual reality exposure therapy
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Past controlled clinical trials centred on virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for agoraphobia mostly used multicomponent therapy with success. However, the present paper aimed to evaluate the independent effect of VRET for agoraphobia. METHODS: A controlled study involving 18 agoraphobic participants assigned to two groups: VRET only and VRET with cognitive therapy. Nine specific virtual environments were developed using an affordable game level editor. RESULTS: Questionnaires, behavioural tests and physiological measures indicated a positive effect of VRET. Correlations supported the predictive value of presence towards treatment outcome. The addition of cognitive therapy did not provide significant additional benefit. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the isolated effects of VRET did not seem to be significantly less than the effects of VRET combined with cognitive therapy. Future research should explore the use of other components in addition to cognitive therapy and VRET for agoraphobia as well as its possible use in patients' homes.
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Due to habituation to virtual stimuli, participants' anxiety would decrease over time.
“Due to habituation to the virtual stimuli in the virtual environment, participants' anxiety would decrease over time [48], [49].”
From A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [48]
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- Authors
- Malbos, E., Rapee, R. M., & Kavakli, M.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Emotional Health, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2012-07-11
- Volume
- 47
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 160-168
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W2022581101
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 5.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- agoraphobia, virtual reality exposure therapy, cognitive therapy, treatment outcomes, presence, virtual worlds, home-based therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Agoraphobia, Combined Modality Therapy, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Panic Disorder, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult, Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy
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