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Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Despite its long and auspicious place in the history of psychiatry, dissociative identity disorder (DID) has been associated with controversy. This paper aims to examine the empirical data related to DID and outline the contextual challenges to its scientific investigation. Methods: The overview is limited to DID-specific research in which one or more of the following conditions are met: (i) a sample of participants with DID was systematically investigated, (ii) psychometrically-sound measures were utilised, (iii) comparisons were made with other samples, (iv) DID was differentiated from other disorders, including other dissociative disorders, (v) extraneous variables were controlled or (vi) DID diagnosis was confirmed. Following an examination of challenges to research, data are organised around the validity and phenomenology of DID, its aetiology and epidemiology, the neurobiological and cognitive correlates of the disorder, and finally its treatment. Results: DID was found to be a complex yet valid disorder across a range of markers. It can be accurately discriminated from other disorders, especially when structured diagnostic interviews assess identity alterations and amnesia. DID is aetiologically associated with a complex combination of developmental and cultural factors, including severe childhood relational trauma. The prevalence of DID appears highest in emergency psychiatric settings and affects approximately 1% of the general population. Psychobiological studies are beginning to identify clear correlates of DID associated with diverse brain areas and cognitive functions. They are also providing an understanding of the potential metacognitive origins of amnesia. Phase-oriented empirically-guided treatments are emerging for DID. Conclusions: The empirical literature on DID is accumulating, although some areas remain under-investigated. Existing data show DID as a complex, valid and not uncommon disorder, associated with developmental and cultural variables, that is amenable to psychotherapeutic intervention.
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“With an onset during early childhood, DID occurs in the context of maltreatment perpetrated most often by caregivers [2,9,18], and it is delineated by the subjective experience of identity alteration [1].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A large body of systematic empirical research has found individuals with DID consistently report severe histories of childhood neglect and abuse [2].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a treatable mental health condition affecting approximately 1% of adults in the general population [1–4].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“With an onset during early childhood, DID occurs in the context of maltreatment perpetrated most often by caregivers [2,9,18], and it is delineated by the subjective experience of identity alteration [1].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a treatable mental health condition that is associated with a range of psychobiological manifestations.”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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“A wealth of evidence supports the validity of DID as a diagnosis and the significance of childhood trauma and maltreatment in the development of DID [2,18,62].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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“In contrast, empirical evidence from neurobiological studies, experimental investigations, and epidemiological surveys strongly supports the validity of DID diagnosis and the importance of maltreatment to its development [2,18,62].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
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“For example, in addition to experiencing symptoms of co-occurring PTSD, people with DID frequently experience depression, anxiety, disordered eating, problematic substance use, suicidal ideation, and self-injury [2].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Severe early life neurodevelopmental disruptions may also give rise to the experience of multiple fragmented, discontinuous, and disembodied selves, such as those experienced in dissociative identity disorder (DID), a condition highly co-existent with early and severe traumatization ( Reinders et al., 2003 ; Dorahy et al., 2014 ; Schlumpf et al., 2014 ; Reinders and Veltman, 2021 ).”
From The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Dorahy et al., 2014
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Levin, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.768201 · Cited by 195
The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders
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“Severe early life neurodevelopmental disruptions may also give rise to the experience of multiple fragmented, discontinuous, and disembodied selves, such as those experienced in dissociative identity disorder (DID), a condition highly co-existent with early and severe traumatization (Reinders et al., 2003; Dorahy et a…”
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“71 In fact, societal conditions themselves may also be the source of traumatic antecedents as observed in oppressive communities and traditions.”
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ResultSelf-citationReinders, A. A. T. S., Marquand, A. F., Schlumpf, Y. R., Chalavi, S., Vissia, E. M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Dazzan, P., Jäncke, L., & Veltman, D. J. (2019) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.255 · Cited by 73
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There’s Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded, Multi-Scale Machines
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“…memory in the brain [201] Multiple behaviors in the same neuronal circuit [202] Multiple personalities in the same brain (dissociative identity disorder and split brain studies) [203,204] Calcium dynamics performing as a hub in a huge bowtie network of diverse simultaneous processes [205,206] 4.1.”
InfluentialDorahy, M. J., Middleton, W., Seager, L., McGurrin, P., Williams, M., & Chambers, R. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.008 · Cited by 59
“…DID with other psychiatric groups have reported high incidences of dissociative, psychotic, borderline, anxiety and depressive symptoms in DID groups (Middleton and Butler, 1998; Nijenhuis et al., 1999; Rodewald et al., 2011; Ross and Ness, 2010; Şar et al., 1996; see Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationClinical Psychological Science
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“Nevertheless, DID is now diagnosed with considerable frequency in some countries, such as the Netherlands, in which it has recently become more widely publicized (Lilienfeld & Lynn, 2014), as well as in countries that are becoming increasingly westernized, such as Japan, China, Taiwan, and Turkey (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDeconstructing dissociation: a triple network model of trauma-related dissociation and its subtypes
Lebois, L. A. M., Kumar, P., Palermo, C. A., Lambros, A. M., O’Connor, L., Wolff, J. D., Baker, J. T., Gruber, S. A., Lewis-Schroeder, N., Ressler, K. J., et al. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01468-1 · Cited by 53
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“Child abuse and neglect is among the complex array of interacting variables associated with the etiology of severe dissociative disorders (DD) like dissociative identity disorder (DID; Dorahy et al., 2014).”
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“Accumulating evidence indicates that trauma-related dissociative psychotic symptoms are not different from positive psychopathology in schizophrenia (Dorahy et al., 2009; Dorahy et al., 2014).”
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“Firstly, patients present a lot of avoidance and rarely report dissociative symptoms spontaneously without direct questioning (Boon and Draijer, 1993; International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, 2011; Dorahy et al., 2014).”
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“(Anglin, Polanco-Roman, & Lui, 2015; Douglas, 2009; Finklestein & Solomon, 2009). These authors differed in the ways that they categorized participants into subgroups for analysis. Finklestein and Solomon (2009) studied 478 Jewish Ethiopian (non-clinical) refugees who had migrated to Israel in three separate waves – t…”
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“, 2016), and dissociative identity disorder (DID), characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
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“Prävalenz Dorahy et al. (2014) geben eine Prävalenz von ca. 1% in Bezug auf die DIS in der Allgemeinbevölkerung an.”
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“Studies that have systematically examined the etiology of DID have found antecedent severe, chronic childhood trauma in almost every individual with this diagnosis (37, 38).”
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“…evidence has provided a different picture of this coping style and found that it is both a problematic coping strategy for DID and a risk factor for difficulties in both forming effective therapeutic relationships and overall relationship functioning (Black et al., 2013; Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationDissociative Depression is Resistant to Treatment-As-Usual
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“Chronic complex dissociative disorders such as dissociative identity disorder (DID) are increasingly considered to be posttraumatic syndromes closely related to childhood abuse and/or neglect [8].”
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“She has extensive experience researching sexual abuse and interviewing CSA survivors, including CSA survivors with dissociative identity disorder (DID)—a “complex and valid disorder that is not uncommon”(37) and is often associated with CSA.(37) 38 Our community partner was the point person for recruitment and intervi…”
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“…abuse perpetrated by a caregiving figure, major attachment disruption, genetic determinants (e.g., hypnotizability), and socio-cognitive and cultural factors, are argued to facilitate its development (e.g., Dorahy et al., 2014; Lynn, Lilienfeld, Merckelbach, Giesbrecht, & Van der Kloet, 2012).”
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“Rather, dissociative symptoms tend to be embedded in a mixture of mood, anxiety, somatoform, and trauma-related symptoms [14-17].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFirebug! Dissociative Identity Disorder? Malingering? Or …? An Intensive Case Study of an Arsonist
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“In cultures where possession is an accepted experience, for individuals with the pathological possession form of DID, the self states take the form of “possessing entities” that are not congruent with cultural norms (Dorahy et al., 2014; Loewenstein et al., 2017; Spiegel et al., 2011).”
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“It is important to note that items describing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the SLC-90 refer in part to difficulties of memory and concentration, which are one of the areas affected in the dissociative disorders (Dorahy et al., 2014) and some of the items have to do with intrusive thoughts, also characteristic of d…”
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“Childhood abuse is one of the most robust predictors of pathological dissociation in clinical and community samples alike (Chu & Dill, 1990; Kessler & Bieschke, 1999), although the prevalence in clinical samples seems to be higher (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
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“The concept of DID appears to be controversial (Dorahy et al., 2014) and a number of myths about the disorder remain (Brand et al.”
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Fighting the Whole System: Dissociative Identity Disorder, Labeling Theory, and Iatrogenic Doubting
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“The data from the present study appear to indicate that the diagnosis of DID, contested as it was by some professionals encountered by the participants, was not accepted straightforwardly by the participants either, in spite of the efforts that may have been involved in obtaining it.”
BackgroundInfluentialChildhood Trauma in Psychotic and Dissociative Disorders
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Self-citationDaniels, J. K., Timmerman, M. E., Spitzer, C., & Lampe, A. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2348345 · Cited by 14
“…reported by previous studies, the occurrence of severe symptoms of identity alteration was associated with extreme childhood mal-treatment and very high levels of multiplicity, that is the co-occurrence of more than one form of abuse and neglect (Dorahy et al., 2014; Webermann et al., 2014).”
Background(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x08_dissociative_disorders · Cited by 12
When to Suspect and How to Diagnose Dissociative Identity Disorder
Ross, C. A. (2015) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.9.2.114 · Cited by 13
Treatment of dissociative symptoms with opioid antagonists: a systematic review
Escamilla, I., Juan, N., Peñalva, C., Sánchez-Llorens, M., Renau, J., Benito, A., & Haro, G. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2265184 · Cited by 12
“It is normal for culture to in fl uence how ‘ individuals display and communicate their symptoms, how such symptoms are interpreted, and what type of care is sought ’ (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundD’Angelo, M., Valenza, M., Iazzolino, A. M., Longobardi, G., Stefano, V. D., Lanzara, E., Visalli, G., Steardo, L., Scuderi, C., & Steardo, L. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60030408 · Cited by 12
“…correlate positively with increased levels of dissociation, which serves as a mediating factor between trauma exposure and psychiatric symptoms [66]. cPTSD often leads to dissociation, a mental mechanism that can be employed adaptively or maladaptively in response to distressing life…”
BackgroundDissociative identity disorder (DID) in clinical practice – what you don’t see may hurt you
Leonard, D., & Tiller, J. W. G. (2015) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856215604481 · Cited by 13
“Australasian Psychiatry 2016, Vol 24(1) 39 –41 © The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.”
BackgroundMarais, L., Bezuidenhout, M., & Krüger, C. (2022) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2022.2119630 · Cited by 11
“…multicultural beliefs; sociocultural differences Although our understanding of dissociative identity disorder (DID) has improved (Brand et al., 2016; Dorahy et al., 2014; Şar et al., 2017), the role of conflict in the development and manifestation of DID is largely unexplored in empirical studies.”
BackgroundSelf-citationExperiences of therapeutic relationships on hospital wards, dissociation, and making connections
Parry, S. L., Lloyd, M., & Simpson, J. (2016) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2016.1241852 · Cited by 15
“Although grounding techniques have been found helpful in DID research (Brand, Loewenstein, & Spiegel, 2014; Dorahy et al., 2014; ISSTD, 2011), Claire and Ashleigh, who did not report having a DID diagnosis, also recommended individualized grounding techniques.”
MethodSachs, A. (2017) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1295400 · Cited by 13
Art-Making and its Interface With Dissociative Identity Disorder: No Words That Didn’t fit
Sagan, O. (2018) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2018.1499062 · Cited by 14
“…& Hollon, 2010), some researchers maintain that the condition is amenable to psychotherapeutic intervention (Brand, Loewenstein, & Spiegel, 2014; Dorahy et al., 2014) not least because of a strong relationship between dissociative disorders and childhood abuse (Kisiel & Lyons, 2001) which…”
BackgroundAssessing and Treating Offenders with Mental Illness
Nicholls, T. L., Butler, A., Kendrick‐Koch, L., Brink, J., Jones, R. M., & Simpson, A. I. F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00452-1_2 · Cited by 11
Holbæk, I., Vrabel, K. R., & Halvorsen, M. S. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100390 · Cited by 10
Burdzik, E., & Burdzik, M. (2023) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/146969 · Cited by 11
Mushtaq, R., Shoib, S., Arif, T., Shah, T., & Mushtaq, S. (2014) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2014/346939 · Cited by 11
“The highest prevalence of DID (6–14%) was seen in emergency psychiatric departments [5].”
BackgroundHierarchical consciousness: the Nested Observer Windows model
Riddle, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2024) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niae010 · Cited by 8
“In the presence of extreme trauma, such as shame and attachment in early childhood abuse, DID can arise in which distinct “alters” coexist within a single individual (Dorahy et al. 2014).”
BackgroundKratzer, L., Tschöke, S., Schröder, J., Shevlin, M. E., Hyland, P., Eckenberger, C., Heinz, P., & Karatzias, T. (2024) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000539740 · Cited by 8
“While detachment dissociation seems to be a common phenomenon across many psychological disorders [6], compartmentalization dissociation seems to be indicative of severe dissociative disorders [5, 7].”
Tipping Points and the Accommodation of the Abuser: Ongoing Incestuous Abuse during Adulthood
Middleton, W. (2015) · International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy · doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.210 · Cited by 8
“…some vocal critics took extreme positions regarding the phenomena of recovered memories of trauma and the validity of dissociative disorders (see Dorahy et al. 2014) and they exploited any opportunity where trauma researchers made claims or speculations that went beyond the verifiable data.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDissociative identity disorder: a developmental perspective
Wilkinson, S., & DeJong, M. (2020) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2020.35 · Cited by 10
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Diagnostic Accuracy and DSM-5 Criteria Change Implications
Nester, M. S., Schielke, H. J., Brand, B. L., & Loewenstein, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2021.1989123 · Cited by 7
“In the Treatment of Patients with Dissociative Disorders (TOP DD) studies, Brand and colleagues (Brand, Schielke et al., 2019; Bride et al., 2009) found that a DD/DID diagnosis and DD/DID-specific treatment resulted in significant decreases in dissociative and co-occurring symptoms from baseline, including self-injury…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRaison, A., & Soubelet, A. (2022) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100310 · Cited by 8
Pierorazio, N. A., Robertson, J. L., Snyder, B. L., Brand, B. L., & Schielke, H. J. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2323421 · Cited by 7
“While some dispute that CDDs are caused by trauma, consistent empirical research supports the trauma model of dissociation (reviewed in Brand, 2023a; Dalenberg et al., 2012; and Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationLived Experiences of Men With Dissociative Identity Disorder
Zeligman, M. R., Greene, J., Hundley, G., Graham, J. M., Spann, S. J., Bickley, E., & Bloom, Z. D. (2017) · Adultspan Journal · doi:10.1002/adsp.12036 · Cited by 8
“Furthermore, the disorder continues to be controversial within the mental health community (Dorahy et al., 2014), with many people doubting its existence or believing it to be iatrogenic (Floris & McPherson, 2015).”
Epidemiology of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Hawayek, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39854-4_7 · Cited by 7
Maxwell, R., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Lynn, S. J. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119462996.ch13 · Cited by 8
Bailey, T. D., Boyer, S. M., & Brand, B. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9127-3_16 · Cited by 7
Self-citationAnxiety sensitivity predicts depression severity in individuals with dissociative identity disorder
Pan, X., Palermo, C. A., Kaplan, C. S., Harnett, N. G., Winternitz, S., Kaufman, M. L., & Lebois, L. A. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.003 · Cited by 6
Dialogues Between Philosophy and Psychiatry: The Case of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Güell, F., Arrondo, G., de Castro‐Manglano, P., Bernácer, J., & Murillo, J. I. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53126-7_9 · Cited by 7
Dissociative identity disorder needs re-examination
Tyrer, P. J. (2019) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2019.39 · Cited by 6
“There is a great deal of literature on DID, much of it poor, speculative and dominated by a few noisy product champions, and the recent review by Dorahy et al (2014) describing it as ‘a complex, valid and not uncommon disorder, associated with developmental and cultural variables, that is amenable…”
BackgroundLebois, L. A. M., Palermo, C. A., Scheuer, L., Lebois, E. P., Winternitz, S., Germine, L. T., & Kaufman, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.007 · Cited by 9
Diagnostic challenges leading to underdiagnosis of dissociative disorders
Aadil, M., & Shoaib, M. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s131439 · Cited by 6
“3,4 The complexity and variety of dissociative manifestations, as indicated in the DSM-5 definition, are related to the variety of functions impaired by trauma.”
Milkins, D. B., Ohan, J. L., Boutrus, M., Pace, G., & Milroy, H. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100591 · Cited by 5
Dissociative Disorders in India: Cultural Influence on Psychopathology and Treatment
Jayan, P., Kashyap, H., & Thippeswamy, H. (2024) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176231220554 · Cited by 5
“8 Religion, closely interconnected to culture, has also been linked to trance-like states.”
Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders ☆
Cardeña, E. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.06401-4 · Cited by 5
Merker, J. B., Hill, S. B., Wolff, J. D., Winternitz, S., Ressler, K. J., Kaufman, M. L., & Lebois, L. A. M. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.053 · Cited by 5
“DID is a posttraumatic syndrome associated with significant experiences of distorted body perceptions, including depersonalization (Putnam, 1989; Dorahy et al. 2014) and altered body image/perceptions (Dell, 2006b).”
BackgroundSmith, G. P., & Hartelius, G. (2020) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2019.1654292 · Cited by 7
“from other disorders (Steinberg, 1995) and other dissociative phenomena (Dorahy et al., 2014; Putnam et al., 1996) – are not typically present with a DES.”
BackgroundInfluentialCarraturo, F., Santonicola, R., & Cella, S. (2025) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251365927 · Cited by 4
“…is correct, measures of the individualistic or collectivistic orientation of a certain human group can be expected to be relevant to the cross-cultural study of pathological dissociation because personhood and identity are central elements in its patho-phenomenology (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
Gender and Racial Variability of Dissociative Identity Disorder Symptoms in an International Sample
Joshi, S., Grinspoon, E. A., Cabanban, R., Pan, X., Germine, L. T., Harnett, N. G., & Lebois, L. A. M. (2026) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2026.2613392 · Cited by 4
“Namely, DID is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and has been empirically observed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, India, Iran, Ireland, Japan, Oman, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Scandinavia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States (Dorahy et al., 2014; Rhoades & Şar, 2005).”
InfluentialFaria, M. D. A., Prado, E. B. D. A., de Souza, W. C., Martins, V. F., & Ferreira, V. M. M. (2019) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/0102.3772e3521 · Cited by 4
Strouza, A. I., Vissia, E. M., Schlumpf, Y. R., Marmol, E. D., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Draijer, N., Veltman, D. J., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116407 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, epidemiological studies have emphasised the prevalence of DID in numerous countries and distinct cultural settings, such as in North America and Canada, in The Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany, as well as in Turkey and China (Dorahy et al., 2014; Ross et al., 2008).”
Gerge, A., Rudstam, G., & Söndergaard, H. P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1454483 · Cited by 6
How-To Study Dissociative Symptoms in a Broad Range of Mental Disorders: A Methodological Primer
Danböck, S. K., Mertens, Y. L., Kulla, P., Seitz, K. I., & Schalinski, I. (2025) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2025.2481474 · Cited by 4
“A great line of research is dedicated to a better understanding of those debilitating disorders (for reviews see Blihar et al., 2020; Dorahy et al., 2014; Kate et al., 2020; Salami et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2023).”
Die Dissoziative Identitätsstörung
Gysi, J., Nick, S., & Gast, U. (2025) · Trauma und Gewalt · doi:10.21706/tg-19-3-188 · Cited by 4
Dissoziative Amnesie und Migration
Staniloiu, A., Kordon, A., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000198 · Cited by 4
Leeds, A. M. (2023) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-2023-0006 · Cited by 6
Dalpont, N. I., & Spence, N. C. F. M. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv6n3-243 · Cited by 4
Krüger, C., & Fletcher, L. (2024) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2024.2326515 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Dorahy, M. J., Brand, B. L., Şar, V., Krüger, C., Stavropoulos, P., Martínez-Taboas, A., Lewis-Fernández, R., & Middleton, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- Towson University (US)
- Istanbul University (TR)
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Adults Surviving Child Abuse, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Carlos Albizu University, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 402-417
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W2118227624
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 186
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- dissociative identity disorder, dissociative disorders, diagnostic validity, childhood trauma, amnesia, neurobiology, cognitive correlates, metacognition, psychotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Dissociative Identity Disorder, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Reproducibility of Results, Neuroimaging
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