Dissociative identity disorder: An empirical overview
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Despite its long and auspicious place in the history of psychiatry, dissociative identity disorder (DID) has been associated with controversy. This paper aims to examine the empirical data related to DID and outline the contextual challenges to its scientific investigation. Methods: The overview is limited to DID-specific research in which one or more of the following conditions are met: (i) a sample of participants with DID was systematically investigated, (ii) psychometrically-sound measures were utilised, (iii) comparisons were made with other samples, (iv) DID was differentiated from other disorders, including other dissociative disorders, (v) extraneous variables were controlled or (vi) DID diagnosis was confirmed. Following an examination of challenges to research, data are organised around the validity and phenomenology of DID, its aetiology and epidemiology, the neurobiological and cognitive correlates of the disorder, and finally its treatment. Results: DID was found to be a complex yet valid disorder across a range of markers. It can be accurately discriminated from other disorders, especially when structured diagnostic interviews assess identity alterations and amnesia. DID is aetiologically associated with a complex combination of developmental and cultural factors, including severe childhood relational trauma. The prevalence of DID appears highest in emergency psychiatric settings and affects approximately 1% of the general population. Psychobiological studies are beginning to identify clear correlates of DID associated with diverse brain areas and cognitive functions. They are also providing an understanding of the potential metacognitive origins of amnesia. Phase-oriented empirically-guided treatments are emerging for DID. Conclusions: The empirical literature on DID is accumulating, although some areas remain under-investigated. Existing data show DID as a complex, valid and not uncommon disorder, associated with developmental and cultural variables, that is amenable to psychotherapeutic intervention.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
DID has an onset during early childhood.
“With an onset during early childhood, DID occurs in the context of maltreatment perpetrated most often by caregivers [2,9,18], and it is delineated by the subjective experience of identity alteration [1].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
The Aetiological Pathways section (page not supplied) describes DID as developing in childhood and links it to childhood trauma and disrupted integration of self-states. It does not establish the more specific claim that DID begins in early childhood; its reference to earlier onset concerns abuse, not DID. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA large body of systematic empirical research has found individuals with DID consistently report severe histories of childhood neglect and abuse.
“A large body of systematic empirical research has found individuals with DID consistently report severe histories of childhood neglect and abuse [2].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
In “Aetiological Pathways and Influences in Development of DID: Cultural and Relational Context” (page unavailable), the review says systematic studies consistently find severe childhood trauma in the histories of almost all individuals with DID and describes evidence of severe childhood abuse. The passages do not specifically establish the claimed history of childhood neglect. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDID affects approximately 1% of adults in the general population.
“Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a treatable mental health condition affecting approximately 1% of adults in the general population [1–4].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDID occurs in the context of maltreatment perpetrated most often by caregivers.
“With an onset during early childhood, DID occurs in the context of maltreatment perpetrated most often by caregivers [2,9,18], and it is delineated by the subjective experience of identity alteration [1].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a treatable mental health condition.
“Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a treatable mental health condition that is associated with a range of psychobiological manifestations.”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
A wealth of evidence supports the validity of DID as a diagnosis and the significance of childhood trauma and maltreatment in the development of DID.
“A wealth of evidence supports the validity of DID as a diagnosis and the significance of childhood trauma and maltreatment in the development of DID [2,18,62].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Empirical evidence from neurobiological studies, experimental investigations, and epidemiological surveys strongly supports the validity of DID diagnosis and the importance of maltreatment to its development.
“In contrast, empirical evidence from neurobiological studies, experimental investigations, and epidemiological surveys strongly supports the validity of DID diagnosis and the importance of maltreatment to its development [2,18,62].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
People with DID frequently experience depression, anxiety, disordered eating, problematic substance use, suicidal ideation, and self-injury.
“For example, in addition to experiencing symptoms of co-occurring PTSD, people with DID frequently experience depression, anxiety, disordered eating, problematic substance use, suicidal ideation, and self-injury [2].”
From Treatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success (2024) · cites this paper as [2]
Severe early life neurodevelopmental disruptions may give rise to the experience of multiple fragmented, discontinuous, and disembodied selves, such as those experienced in dissociative identity disorder (DID), a condition highly co-existent with early and severe traumatization.
“Severe early life neurodevelopmental disruptions may also give rise to the experience of multiple fragmented, discontinuous, and disembodied selves, such as those experienced in dissociative identity disorder (DID), a condition highly co-existent with early and severe traumatization ( Reinders et al., 2003 ; Dorahy et al., 2014 ; Schlumpf et al., 2014 ; Reinders and Veltman, 2021 ).”
From The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Dorahy et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.
Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154 · see citing works
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed
Cooper, A. M., & Michels, R. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.1.128 · Cited by 7,417 · see citing works
(1992) · Cited by 5,228 · see citing works
Development, reliability, and validity of a dissociation scale
BERNSTEIN, E. M., & PUTNAM, F. W. (1986) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198612000-00004 · Cited by 3,793 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The consistent clinical picture across cultures and research laboratories supports the content validity of DID.”
BackgroundInfluentialEstablishment of Diagnostic Validity in Psychiatric Illness: Its Application to Schizophrenia
ROBINS, E., & GUZE, S. B. (1970) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.126.7.983 · Cited by 2,243 · see citing works
Cultures and Selves: A Cycle of Mutual Constitution
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610375557 · Cited by 1,625 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781506326139.n198 · Cited by 1,243 · see citing works
Bijl, R. V., Ravelli, A., & van Zessen, G. (1998) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s001270050098 · Cited by 1,216 · cited 2× · see citing works
“may account for the lack of DID data from large-scale community-based epidemiological studies (Andrews et al., 2001; Bijl et al., 1998).”
BackgroundFirst, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997) · American Psychiatric Press eBooks · Cited by 983 · see citing works
Andrews, G., Henderson, S., & Hall, W. (2001) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.2.145 · Cited by 933 · cited 2× · see citing works
“may account for the lack of DID data from large-scale community-based epidemiological studies (Andrews et al., 2001; Bijl et al., 1998).”
BackgroundTypes of dissociation and dissociative types: A taxometric analysis of dissociative experiences.
Waller, N., Putnam, F. W., & Carlson, E. B. (1996) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.1.3.300 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
The psychotherapy dose-response effect and its implications for treatment delivery services.
Hansen, N. B., Lambert, M. J., & Forman, E. M. (2002) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1093/clipsy.9.3.329 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
Kleinman, A. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp048078 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Levine, M. P., & Smolak, L. (2006) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410613189-11 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
Evaluation of the evidence for the trauma and fantasy models of dissociation.
Dalenberg, C. J., Brand, B. L., Gleaves, D. H., Dorahy, M. J., Loewenstein, R. J., Cardeña, E., Frewen, P. A., Carlson, E. B., & Spiegel, D. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027447 · Cited by 667 · cited 4× · see citing works
“Overall, cross-sectional prevalence of DID tends to increase with level of psychiatric severity, ranging from about 2% in outpatient clinics to about 5% in inpatient units, with even higher rates in emergency settings.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHandbook of Eating Disorders and Obesity
Herpertz, S., de Zwaan, M., & Zipfel, S. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-67662-2 · Cited by 664 · see citing works
The major symptoms of hysteria.
Janet, P. F. M. (1907) · doi:10.1037/10008-000 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatization
van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Steele, K. (2006) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 632 · see citing works
THE MAJOR SYMPTOMS OF HYSTERIA
Janet, P. F. M. (1921) · AJN American Journal of Nursing · doi:10.1097/00000446-192104000-00028 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
The Oxford Handbook of Personality Disorders
Widiger, T. A. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199735013.001.0001 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Schlozman, S. C., & Nonacs, R. M. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-04743-2.50037-8 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
A review of neuroimaging studies in PTSD: heterogeneity of response to symptom provocation
Lanius, R. A., Bluhm, R., Lanius, U., & Pain, C. (2006) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.07.007 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Guidelines for Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder in Adults, Third Revision
International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociati (2011) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.537247 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Composite International Diagnostic Interview, Version 1.1 1989
Robins, L. N., Wing, J. B., Wïttchen, H., Helzer, J. E., Babor, T. F., Burke, J., Farmer, A., Jablensky, A. V., & Pickens, R. W. (1995) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Overgeneral autobiographical memory and traumatic events: An evaluative review.
Moore, S. A., & Zoellner, L. A. (2007) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.419 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Dissociation in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence from the world mental health surveys
Stein, D. J., Koenen, K. C., Friedman, M. J., Hill, E., McLaughlin, K. A., Petukhova, M., Ruscio, A. M., Shahly, V., Spiegel, D., Borges, G., et al. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.08.022 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Auditory Hallucinations: A Comparison between Patients and Nonpatients
Honig, A., Romme, M., Ensink, B. J., Escher, S., PENNINGS, M. H. A., & deVries, M. W. (1998) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199810000-00009 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders
(2010) · doi:10.4324/9780203893920 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
The dissociative disorders interview schedule: A structured interview
Heber, S., Ross, C. A., Norton, G. R., Anderson, D., Anderson, G., & Barchet, P. (1987) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e609942012-089 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Hippocampal and Amygdalar Volumes in Dissociative Identity Disorder
Vermetten, E., Schmahl, C., Lindner, S., Loewenstein, R. J., & Bremner, J. D. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.630 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Patterns of dissociation in clinical and nonclinical samples
PUTNAM, F. W., CARLSON, E. B., ROSS, C. A., ANDERSON, G., CLARK, P., TOREM, M., BOWMAN, E. S., COONS, P., CHU, J. A., DILL, D. L., et al. (1996) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199611000-00004 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Dissociative disorders in psychiatric inpatients
Saxe, G., van der Kolk, B. A., Berkowitz, R., Chinman, G. A., Hall, K., Lieberg, G., & Schwartz, J. E. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.7.1037 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Prevalence of Dissociative Disorders in Psychiatric Outpatients
Foote, B., Smolin, Y., Kaplan, M., Legatt, M. E., & Lipschitz, D. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.4.623 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Diagnosis, Clinical Features, and Treatment of Multiple Personality
Ross, C. A. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 275 · see citing works
First-rank symptoms as a diagnostic clue to multiple personality disorder
Kluft, R. P. (1987) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.144.3.293 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Treatment of Multiple Personality Disorder: A Study of 33 Cases
Kluft, R. P., & Donne, J. (1984) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30777-9 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Structured interview data on 102 cases of multiple personality disorder from four centers
Ross, C. A., Miller, S. D., Reagor, P. A., Bjornson, L., Fraser, G., & Anderson, G. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.5.596 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Coons, P. M., Bowman, E. S., & Milstein, V. (1988) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198809000-00001 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Steinberg, M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Cicchetti, D. (1990) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.147.1.76 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Multiple Personality Disorder and Dissociation
Ross, C. A. (1991) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30286-7 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Prevalence of dissociative disorders among women in the general population
Şar, V., Akyüz, G., & Doğan, O. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.01.005 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Self-citationDell, P. F. (2006) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v07n02_06 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Culture and the anxiety disorders: recommendations for DSM-V
Lewis‐Fernández, R., Hinton, D. E., Laria, A. J., Patterson, E. H., Hofmann, S. G., Craske, M. G., Stein, D. J., Asnaani, A., & Liao, B. (2009) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20647 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Dissociation of a Personality
Jastrow, J., & Prince, M. (1906) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1412397 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Multiple personality disorder. A clinical investigation of 50 cases.
Coons, P. M., Bowman, E. S., & Milstein, V. (1988) · PubMed · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Epidemiology of dissociative disorders: An overview
Sar, V. (2011) · Epidemiology Research International · doi:10.1155/2011/404538 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationDissociative Disorders in DSM-5
Spiegel, D., Lewis‐Fernández, R., Lanius, R. A., Vermetten, E. H. G. J. M., Simeon, D., & Friedman, M. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185531 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Self-citationA Review of Dissociative Disorders Treatment Studies
Brand, B. L., Classen, C. C., McNary, S. W., & Zaveri, P. (2009) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181b3afaa · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Self-citationJohnson, J. L., COHEN, P., Kasen, S., & Brook, J. S. (2005) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.03.003 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Multiple personality disorder in The Netherlands: a clinical investigation of 71 patients
Boon, S., & Draijer, N. (1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.3.489 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Psychobiological characteristics of dissociative identity disorder: a symptom provocation study
Reinders, A. A. T. S., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Quak, J., Korf, J., Haaksma, J., Paans, A. M. J., Willemsen, A. T. M., & den Boer, J. A. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.12.019 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Skinner, S. T. (1987) · Occupational Therapy in Mental Health · doi:10.1300/j004v07n03_07 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.08.021 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
The Manufacture of Personalities
Merskey, H. (1992) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.160.3.327 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Lewis, D. O., Yeager, C. A., Swica, Y., Pincus, J. H., & Lewis, M. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.12.1703 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Dissociative States With Abnormal Temporal Lobe EEG
Mesulam, M. (1981) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.1981.00510030070010 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
The sociocognitive model of dissociative identity disorder: A reexamination of the evidence.
Gleaves, D. H. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.120.1.42 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Brand, B., Classen, C., Lanins, R., Loewenstein, R., McNary, S., Pain, C., & Putnam, F. (2009) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0016210 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationLifetime Axis I and II Comorbidity and Childhood Trauma History in Dissociative Identity Disorder
Ellason, J. W., Ross, C. A., & Fuchs, D. L. (1996) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.1996.11024766 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Steinberg, M., Rounsaville, B. J., & Cicchetti, D. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.8.1050 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Frequency of Dissociative Disorders Among Psychiatric Inpatients in a Turkish University Clinic
Tutkun, H., Şar, V., Yargic, L., Özpulat, T., Yanık, M., & Kiziltan, E. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.6.800 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence, Reliability and Validity of Dissociative Disorders in an Inpatient Setting
Ross, C. A., Duffy, C., & Ellason, J. W. (2002) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v03n01_02 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Childhood Trauma and Dissociation in Schizophrenia
Şar, V., Taycan, O., Bolat, N., Özmen, M., Duran, A., Öztürk, E., & Vehid, H. E. (2009) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000255961 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationBrand, B. L., McNary, S. W., Myrick, A. C., Classen, C. C., Lanius, R., Loewenstein, R. J., Pain, C., & Putnam, F. W. (2013) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0027654 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationAre Multiple Personalities Borderline?: An Analysis of 33 Cases
Horevitz, R. P., & Braun, B. G. (1984) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30781-0 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Schneiderian symptoms in multiple personality disorder and schizophrenia
Ross, C. A., Miller, S. D., Reagor, P. A., Bjornson, L., Fraser, G. A., & Anderson, G. (1990) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(90)90014-j · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Two-year follow-up of inpatients with dissociative identity disorder
Ellason, J. W., & Ross, C. A. (1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.6.832 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Coons, P. M. (1994) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199408000-00007 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Dorahy, M. J., Shannon, C., Seagar, L., Corr, M., Stewart, K., Hanna, D., Mulholland, C., & Middleton, W. (2009) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181c299ea · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Self-citationPrevalence of Dissociative Disorders among Psychiatric Inpatients in a German University Clinic
Gast, U., Rodewald, F., NICKEL, V., & Emrich, H. M. (2001) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200104000-00007 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Culture & mental illness : a client-centered approach
Castillo, R. J. (1997) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Dissociative Disorders as a Confounding Factor in Psychiatric Research
Şar, V., & Ross, C. A. (2006) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2005.10.008 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationThe frequency of multiple personality disorder among psychiatric inpatients
Ross, C. A., Anderson, G., Fleisher, W. P., & Norton, G. R. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.12.1717 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Fact or Factitious? A Psychobiological Study of Authentic and Simulated Dissociative Identity States
Reinders, A. A. T. S., Willemsen, A. T. M., Vos, H. P. J., den Boer, J. A., & Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039279 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
van Duijl, M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Komproe, I. H., Gernaat, H. B. P. E., & de Jong, J. T. V. M. (2010) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-010-9171-1 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Şar, V., Kundakçi, T., Kiziltan, E., Yargıç, İ., Tutkun, H., Bakım, B., Bozkurt, O., Özpulat, T., Keser, V., & Özdemir, Ö. (2003) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v04n01_08 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationRoss, C. A., Heber, S., Norton, G. R., & Anderson, G. (1989) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198908000-00006 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Structured interview data on 35 cases of dissociative identity disorder in Turkey
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.10.1329 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Self-citationUnderstanding and Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder
Howell, E. F. (2011) · doi:10.4324/9780203888261 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Dissociative Disorders in Dutch Psychiatric Inpatients
Friedl, M. C., & Draijer, N. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.6.1012 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Traumatic Dissociation: Neurobiology and Treatment
(2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181637152 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Rebuilding Shattered Lives: Treating Complex PTSD and Dissociative Disorders, Second Edition
Chu, J. A. (2011) · doi:10.1002/9781118093146 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Dissociative Disorders Among Inpatients With Drug or Alcohol Dependency
Karadağ, F., Şar, V., Tamar-Gürol, D., Evren, C., Karagöz, M. F., & Erkıran, M. (2005) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v66n1007 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationDissociative Identity Disorder: An Australian Series
Middleton, W., & Butler, J. (1998) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/00048679809073868 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationSchizophrenia: Innovations in Diagnosis and Treatment
Ross, C. A. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Frontal and occipital perfusion changes in dissociative identity disorder
Sar, V., Unal, S. N., & Ozturk, E. (2007) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2006.12.017 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Dissociative experiences and dissociative disorders in acute psychiatric inpatients
Modestin, J., Ebner, G., Junghan, M., & Erni, T. (1996) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90017-6 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Brand, B. L., Myrick, A. C., Loewenstein, R. J., Classen, C. C., Lanius, R. A., McNary, S. W., Pain, C., & Putnam, F. W. (2011) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0026487 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationAn examination of the diagnostic validity of dissociative identity disorder
Gleaves, D. H., May, M. C., & Cardeña, E. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(99)00073-2 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Memory and awareness in a patient with multiple personality disorder
Nissen, M. J., Ross, J. L., Willingham, D. B., Mackenzie, T. B., & Schacter, D. L. (1988) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90043-7 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Rodewald, F., Wilhelm-Gößling, C., Emrich, H. M., Reddemann, L., & Gast, U. (2011) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e318208314e · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Jablensky, A. V., & Sartorius, N. (1975) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170005635x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Dissociative disorders in the psychiatric emergency ward
Şar, V., Koyuncu, A., Öztürk, E., Yargıç, L. İ., Kundakçi, T., Yazıcı, A. B., Kuşkonmaz, E., & Aksüt, D. (2006) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2006.10.009 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Self-citationSchlumpf, Y. R., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Chalavi, S., Weder, E. V., Zimmermann, E., Luechinger, R., Marca, R. L., Reinders, A. A. T. S., & Jäncke, L. (2013) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2013.07.002 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
The cultural constitution of personality.
Cross, S. E., & Markus, H. R. (1999) · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Global functioning and disability in dissociative disorders
Mueller‐Pfeiffer, C., Rufibach, K., Perron, N. A. J., Wyss, D., Künzler, C. B., Prezewowsky, C., Pitman, R. K., & Rufer, M. (2012) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2012.04.028 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Trauma and Dissociation in China
Xiao, Z., Yan, H., Wang, Z., Zou, Z., Xu, M. D., Chen, M. D., Zhang, M. D., Ross, C. A., & Keyes, B. B. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.8.1388 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Nijenhuis, E. R. S., van Dyck, R., Spinhoven, P., van der Hart, O., Chatrou, M., Vanderlinden, J., & Moene, F. C. (1999) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00601.x · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Dorahy, M. J. (2001) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/s0272-7358(00)00068-4 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Self-citationInter-identity autobiographical amnesia in patients with dissociative identity disorder
Huntjens, R. J. C., Verschuere, B., & McNally, R. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0040580 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Coping with Trauma-Related Dissociation: Skills Training for Patients and Therapists
Boon, S., Steele, K., & van der Hart, O. (2011) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
William James on Exceptional Mental States: The 1896 Lowell Lectures
Taylor, E. I. (2026) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003776451-6 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Toward an etiology of dissociative identity disorder: a neurodevelopmental approach.
Forrest, K. A. (2001) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.2001.0493 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Interidentity amnesia for neutral, episodic information in dissociative identity disorder.
Huntjens, R. J. C., Postma, A., Peters, M. L., Woertman, L., & van der Hart, O. (2003) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.112.2.290 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Maybin, E. (1994) · Gender & Development · doi:10.1080/09682869308519996 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Memory, Amnesia, and Dissociative Identity Disorder
Eich, E., Macaulay, D., Loewenstein, R. J., & Dihle, P. H. (1997) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00454.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Tsai, G. E., Condie, D., Wu, M.-T., & Chang, I.-W. (1999) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1093/hrp/7.2.119 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Chaturvedi, S. K., Desai, G., & Shaligram, D. (2009) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764009347335 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Possession Experiences in Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Preliminary Study
Ross, C. A. (2011) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2011.573762 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Boon, S., & Draijer, N. (1991) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.148.4.458 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Brand, B. L., McNary, S. W., Loewenstein, R. J., Kolos, A. C., & Barr, S. R. (2006) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v07n01_06 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationHMPAO SPECT Study of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Dissociative Identity Disorder
Şar, V., Ünal, S. N., Kiziltan, E., Kundakçi, T., & Öztürk, E. (2001) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v02n02_02 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationSymptom Patterns in Dissociative Identity Disorder Patients and the General Population
Ross, C. A., & Ness, L. (2010) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2010.495939 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Memory Fragmentation in Dissociative Identity Disorder
van der Hart, O., Bolt, H., & van der Kolk, B. A. (2005) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v06n01_04 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Welburn, K. R., Fraser, G. A., Jordan, S., Cameron, C., Webb, L. M., & Raine, D. (2003) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v04n02_07 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
The Imitation of Dissociative Identity Disorder: Patients at Risk, Therapists at Risk
Draijer, N., & Boon, S. (1999) · The Journal of Psychiatry & Law · doi:10.1177/009318539902700304 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Volume of discrete brain structures in complex dissociative disorders: preliminary findings
Ehling, T., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Krikke, A. P. (2007) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(07)67029-0 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
From hysterical psychosis to reactive dissociative psychosis
van der Hart, O., Witztum, E., & Friedman, B. (1993) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.2490060106 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Şar, V., Alioğlu, F., & Akyüz, G. (2013) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.849321 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationSteinberg, M. (1994) · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Tsai, G. E., Condie, D., Wu, M.-T., et al. (1999) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/hrp.7.2.119 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Understanding and Treating Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Relational Approach
Howell, E. F. (2011) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Coons, P. M., & Sterne, A. L. (1986) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1986.58.1.43 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dorahy, M. J., Middleton, W., & Irwin, H. J. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.03.011 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom hysterical psychosis to Reactive Dissociative Psychosis
van der Hart, O., Witztum, E., & Friedman, B. (1993) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/bf02093362 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory in a case of multiple personality disorder.
Schacter, D. L., Kihlstrom, J. F., Kihlstrom, L. C., & Berren, M. B. (1989) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.98.4.508 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Psychiatric Health Care Costs of Multiple Personality Disorder
Ross, C. A., & Dua, V. (1993) · American Journal of Psychotherapy · doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1993.47.1.103 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
(2009) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444305807 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Distinguishing simulated from genuine dissociative identity disorder on the MMPI-2.
Brand, B. L., & Chasson, G. S. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0035181 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citation(2009) · Lund University Publications (Lund University) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
MPD, borderline personality disorder and schizophrenia: A comparative study of clinical features.
Fink, D. L., & Golinkoff, M. (1990) · Scholars' Bank (University of Oregon) · Cited by 46 · see citing works
William James on Exceptional Mental States: The 1896 Lowell Lectures
MORRISON, J. (1984) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.141.12.1628 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Cross-Cultural Assessment of Dissociation
Lewis‐Fernández, R., Martínez‐Taboas, A., Şar, V., Patel, S. R., & Boatin, A. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70990-1_12 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationBrand, B. L., Armstrong, J. G., Loewenstein, R. J., & McNary, S. W. (2009) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0016561 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationBrand, B. L., & Stadnik, R. (2013) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.736929 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationKellett, S. (2005) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v06n03_03 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory across personalities in dissociative identity disorder: a case report
Bryant, R. A. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.104.4.625 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Prevalence of dissociative disorders in psychiatric in‐patients: the impact of study characteristics
Friedl, M., Draijer, N., & JONGE, P. D. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102006423.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Dissociative disorders among psychiatric patients
Lipsanen, T., Korkeila, J. A., Peltola, P., Järvinen, J., Langen, K., & Lauerma, H. (2004) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.09.004 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Resolved: Multiple Personality Disorder Is an Individually and Socially Created Artifact
McHugh, P. R. (1995) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199507000-00020 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
SPECT Imaging and Multiple Personality Disorder
Saxe, G., Vasile, R. G., Hill, T., Bloomingdale, K. L., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1992) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-199210000-00009 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Utility of the SIRS-2 in distinguishing genuine from simulated dissociative identity disorder.
Brand, B. L., Tursich, M., Tzall, D., & Loewenstein, R. J. (2014) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/a0036064 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-citationAutobiographical memory in a case of multiple personality disorder.
Schacter, D. L., Kihlstrom, J. F., Kihlstrom, L. C., et al. (1989) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.98.4.508 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Peters, M. L., Uyterlinde, S. A., Consemulder, J., & van der Hart, O. (1998) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1997.0323 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Interidentity memory transfer in dissociative identity disorder.
Kong, L. L., Allen, J. J. B., & Glisky, E. L. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.3.686 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ten-year follow-up study of patients with dissociative identity disorder
Coons, P. M., & Bowman, E. A. S. (2001) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v02n01_09 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Stompe, T., & Friedmann, A. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543609.026 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
EEG Coherence and Dissociative Identity Disorder
Hopper, A., Ciorciari, J., Johnson, G., Spensley, J., Sergejew, A. A., & Stough, C. K. K. (2002) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1300/j229v03n01_06 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stadnik, R., Brand, B. L., & Savoca, A. (2013) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2013.792310 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationMyrick, A. C., Brand, B. L., & Putnam, F. W. (2012) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.736931 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationAre Major Dissociative Disorders Characterized by a Qualitatively Different Kind of Dissociation?
Rodewald, F., Dell, P. F., Wilhelm-Gößling, C., & Gast, U. (2010) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2010.514847 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Brain Mapping in a Case of Multiple Personality
Hughes, J. R., Kuhlman, D. T., Fichtner, C. G., & Gruenfeld, M. J. (1990) · Clinical Electroencephalography · doi:10.1177/155005949002100409 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
An Exploration of Young Adults' Progress in Treatment for Dissociative Disorder
Myrick, A. C., Brand, B. L., McNary, S. W., Classen, C. C., Lanius, R. A., Loewenstein, R. J., Pain, C., & Putnam, F. W. (2012) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2012.694841 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationThe “Apparently Normal” Family
Öztürk, E., & Şar, V. (2006) · Journal of Trauma Practice · doi:10.1300/j189v04n03_06 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation8. The Theoretical Implications of Converging Research on Depression and the Culture-Bound Syndromes
Carr, J. E., & VITALIANO, P. P. (1985) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520340923-012 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Introduction to Epidemiologic Research Methods
Fleming, J. A., & Hsieh, C. (2002) · doi:10.1002/0471234311.ch1 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Sociocultural Aspects of Eating Disorders.
Anderson‐Fye, E. P., & Becker, A. E. (2004) · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Prince, M., & Peterson, F. (1908) · The Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0074093 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Screening for Dissociative Disorders in Psychiatric Out- and Day Care-Patients
Mueller-Pfeiffer, C., Rufibach, K., Wyss, D., Perron, N., Pitman, R., & Rufer, M. (2013) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-013-9367-0 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Identity state-dependent attentional bias for facial threat in dissociative identity disorder
Hermans, E. J., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., van Honk, J., Huntjens, R. J. C., & van der Hart, O. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2005.03.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Whose account matters? A challenge to feminist psychologists
Hornstein, G. A. (2013) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959353512467964 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Trauma and Dissociation: (593652007-001)
Marmar, C. R. (1997) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e593652007-001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dissociative disorders in the Sultanate of Oman
Chand, S. P., Al-Hussaini, A., Martin, R. G., Mustapha, S., Zaidan, Z. A. J., Viernes, N., & Al‐Adawi, S. (2000) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2000.102003185.x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dorahy, M. J., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2007) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615377503.lg03 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationSavoy, R. L., Frederick, B. B., Keuroghlian, A. S., & Wolk, P. C. (2012) · Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17588928.2012.669750 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Umesue, M. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Allen, J. J. B., & Iacono, W. G. (2001) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.7.2.311 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Argument for the Reality of Delayed Recall of Trauma
Kluft, R. P. (1997) · Trauma and Memory · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195100655.003.0006 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dissociative Identity Disorder and Substance Abuse: The Forgotten Relationship
McDowell, D. M., LEVIN, F. R., & Nunes, E. V. (1999) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471728 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Dorahy, M. J., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2007) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationLapointe, A. R., Crayton, J. W., deVito, R. A., Fichtner, C. G., & Konopka, L. M. (2006) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/155005940603700314 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Sociocognitive and Posttraumatic Models of Dissociation Are Not Opposed
Şar, V., Krüger, C., Martínez‐Taboas, A., Middleton, W., & Dorahy, M. J. (2013) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31828e112b · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationBlind und sehend in einer Person
Waldvogel, B., Ullrich, A., & Strasburger, H. (2007) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-007-2309-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Trauma and Dissociation in a Cross-Cultural Perspective
(2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203051801 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Assessing Dissociative Symptoms and Dissociative Disorders in College Students in the Philippines
Gingrich, H. J. D. (2009) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926770902901881 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Cultural Aspects of Personality Disorder
Mulder, R. (2012) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199735013.013.0013 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Dissociative identity disorder and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex
Dale, K. Y. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s3006 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Engelberg, J. C., & Brand, B. L. (2012) · Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research · doi:10.24839/2164-8204.jn17.3.115 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationBhuvaneswar, C., & Spiegel, D. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2013.784115 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similarly, sensorimotor functions vary between identities in DID without structural neurological pathology, yet functional neurobiological variations are found (Bhuvaneswar and Spiegel, 2013).”
BackgroundThe Neural Correlates of Vertical Splitting in a Single Case Study
Wolk, P. C., Savoy, R. L., & Frederick, B. B. (2012) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2012.10773699 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Memory for complex emotional material in dissociative identity disorder
Barlow, M. R. (2010) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2010.496144 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zwischen Selbstreflexion und Selbst-Überzeugtsein
Şar, V., Öztürk, E., İslam, S., Küçükgöncü, S., Yumbul, C., & Vehid, H. E. (2012) · Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht eBooks · doi:10.13109/9783666401862.161 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 186 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 15
- Alvi T and Assad F (2011) Presentation of psychiatric co-morbidity in patients presenting with dissociative disorders. Journal of Pakistani Psychiatric Society 8(1): 18-21.
- Cocker KI, Edwards GA, Anderson JW and Meares RA (1994) Electrophysiological changes under hypnosis in multiple personality disorder: A two-case exploratory study. Australian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis 22(2): 165-76.
- Dorahy MJ (2001a) Culture, cognition and dissociative identity disorder. In Schumaker JF and Ward T (eds) Culture, Cognition and Psychopathology. Westport, Conn: Praeger, pp.157-169.
- Hornstein, G. (2013) Whose account matters? Feminism and Psychology, 23(1), 29-40.
- Lloyd M (2011) How investing in therapeutic services provides a clinical cost saving in the long term. Health Service Journal (online): http://tinyurl.com/74sefbz. Accessed 11/2012.
- Martínez-Taboas A (1991) Multiple personality in Puerto Rico: Analysis of fifteen cases. Dissociation: Progress in the Dissociative Disorders 4(4): 189-192.
- Öztürk E and Şar V (2005) 'Apparently normal' family: A contemporary agent of transgenerational trauma and dissociation. Journal of Trauma Practice 4(3-4): 287-303.
- Peters ML, Uyterlinde SA, Consemulder J et al. (1998) Apparent amnesia on experimental memory tests in dissociative identity disorder. Consciousness and Cognition 7(1): 27-41.
- Prince M, and Peterson F (1909) Experiments in psychogalvanic reactions from co- conscious ideal in a case of multiple personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 3: 114-131.
- Şar V and Öztürk E (2009) Psychotic presentations of dissociative identity disorder. In: Dell PF and O"Neil JA (eds) Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders:DSM-V and Beyond. New York: Routledge, pp.535-545.
- Şar V, Unal SN, Kızıltan E et al. (2001) HMPAO SPECT study of cerebral perfusion in dissociative identity disorder. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation 2(2): 5-25.
- Steinberg M (1994b) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Dissociative Disorders - Revised (SCID-D-R) (2 nd Ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
- Steinberg M, Cicchetti D, Buchanan J et al. (1994) Distinguishing between multiple personality disorder (dissociative identity disorder) and schizophrenia using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV dissociative disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 182(9): 495-502.
- Stringer AY and Cooley EL (1994) Divided attention performance in multiple personality disorder. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, & Behavioral Neurology 7(1): 51-56
- Tutkun H, Yargiç LI and Şar V (1995). Dissociative identity disorder: A clinical investigation of 20 cases in Turkey. Dissociation 8(1): 3-9.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Levin, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.768201 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders
Kearney, B. E., & Lanius, R. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.1015749 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Severe early life neurodevelopmental disruptions may also give rise to the experience of multiple fragmented, discontinuous, and disembodied selves, such as those experienced in dissociative identity disorder (DID), a condition highly co-existent with early and severe traumatization (Reinders et al., 2003; Dorahy et a…”
BackgroundBrand, B. L., Sar, V., Stavropoulos, P., Krüger, C., Korzekwa, M., Martínez-Taboas, A., & Middleton, W. (2016) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000100 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Recent reviews indicate an expanding and important evidence base for this subtype.(14,36,46) Notwithstanding the upsurge in authoritative research”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRenard, S. B., Huntjens, R. J. C., Lysaker, P. H., Moskowitz, A., Aleman, A., & Pijnenborg, G. H. M. (2017) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbw063 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“…with overlapping symptoms might be explained by having a different etiology. dissociative disorders are generally thought to be caused by childhood trauma (Dorahy et al., 2014), whereas schizophrenia spectrum disorders were originally thought to be more biological in nature (Klerman, 1978).”
BackgroundBiomarkers of Pathological Dissociation: A Systematic Review
Roydeva, M. I., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.019 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
The Many Faces of Dissociation: Opportunities for Innovative Research in Psychiatry
Şar, V. (2014) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2014.12.3.171 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationKate, M.-A., Hopwood, T. L., & Jamieson, G. A. (2019) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2019.1647915 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Revisiting the etiological aspects of dissociative identity disorder: a biopsychosocial perspective
Şar, V., Dorahy, M. J., & Krüger, C. (2017) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s113743 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“71 In fact, societal conditions themselves may also be the source of traumatic antecedents as observed in oppressive communities and traditions.”
Self-citationVissia, E. M., Giesen, M. E., Chalavi, S., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Draijer, N., Brand, B. L., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2016) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12590 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“This is in line with suggestions of Dorahy et al.[25,26].”
ResultSelf-citationReinders, A. A. T. S., Marquand, A. F., Schlumpf, Y. R., Chalavi, S., Vissia, E. M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Dazzan, P., Jäncke, L., & Veltman, D. J. (2019) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.255 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Krause-Utz, A., Frost, R., Chatzaki, E., Winter, D., Schmahl, C. G., & Elzinga, B. M. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01246-8 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
There’s Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded, Multi-Scale Machines
Bongard, J., & Levin, M. G. (2023) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics8010110 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“…memory in the brain [201] Multiple behaviors in the same neuronal circuit [202] Multiple personalities in the same brain (dissociative identity disorder and split brain studies) [203,204] Calcium dynamics performing as a hub in a huge bowtie network of diverse simultaneous processes [205,206] 4.1.”
InfluentialDorahy, M. J., Middleton, W., Seager, L., McGurrin, P., Williams, M., & Chambers, R. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.008 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…DID with other psychiatric groups have reported high incidences of dissociative, psychotic, borderline, anxiety and depressive symptoms in DID groups (Middleton and Butler, 1998; Nijenhuis et al., 1999; Rodewald et al., 2011; Ross and Ness, 2010; Şar et al., 1996; see Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationClinical Psychological Science
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616673363 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, DID is now diagnosed with considerable frequency in some countries, such as the Netherlands, in which it has recently become more widely publicized (Lilienfeld & Lynn, 2014), as well as in countries that are becoming increasingly westernized, such as Japan, China, Taiwan, and Turkey (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDeconstructing dissociation: a triple network model of trauma-related dissociation and its subtypes
Lebois, L. A. M., Kumar, P., Palermo, C. A., Lambros, A. M., O’Connor, L., Wolff, J. D., Baker, J. T., Gruber, S. A., Lewis-Schroeder, N., Ressler, K. J., et al. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01468-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
The Psychobiology of Authentic and Simulated Dissociative Personality States: The Full Monty
Reinders, A. A. T. S., Willemsen, A. T. M., Vissia, E. M., Vos, H. P. J., den Boer, J. A., & Nijenhuis, E. R. S. (2016) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000522 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dorahy, M. J., Middleton, W., Seager, L., Williams, M., & Chambers, R. (2016) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1077916 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Child abuse and neglect is among the complex array of interacting variables associated with the etiology of severe dissociative disorders (DD) like dissociative identity disorder (DID; Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMisiak, B., & Frydecka, D. (2016) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000567 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Accumulating evidence indicates that trauma-related dissociative psychotic symptoms are not different from positive psychopathology in schizophrenia (Dorahy et al., 2009; Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRevisiting False-Positive and Imitated Dissociative Identity Disorder
Pietkiewicz, I. J., Bańbura, A., Tomalski, R., & Boon, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.637929 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Firstly, patients present a lot of avoidance and rarely report dissociative symptoms spontaneously without direct questioning (Boon and Draijer, 1993; International Society for the Study of Trauma and Dissociation, 2011; Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundHielscher, E., Whitford, T. J., Scott, J. G., & Zopf, R. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.007 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Psychosocial interventions for conversion and dissociative disorders in adults
Ganslev, C. A., Storebø, O. J., Callesen, H. E., Ruddy, R., & Søgaard, U. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005331.pub3 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Dissociation, trauma, and borderline personality disorder
Krause-Utz, A. (2022) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-022-00184-y · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Culture, trauma and dissociation: A broadening perspective for our field
Krüger, C. (2019) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2020.1675134 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“(Anglin, Polanco-Roman, & Lui, 2015; Douglas, 2009; Finklestein & Solomon, 2009). These authors differed in the ways that they categorized participants into subgroups for analysis. Finklestein and Solomon (2009) studied 478 Jewish Ethiopian (non-clinical) refugees who had migrated to Israel in three separate waves – t…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationDimitrova, L. I., Dean, S. L., Schlumpf, Y. R., Vissia, E. M., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Chatzi, V., Jäncke, L., Veltman, D. J., Chalavi, S., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721002154 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Schröder, J., Nick, S., Richter‐Appelt, H., & Briken, P. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15112417 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Hypnotic suggestibility in dissociative and related disorders: A meta-analysis
Wieder, L., Brown, R. J., Thompson, T., & Terhune, D. B. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104751 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“, 2016), and dissociative identity disorder (DID), characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundDissoziation: ein transdiagnostisches Phänomen
Wallis, H., Vogel, M., Junne, F., & Binneböse, M. (2023) · Die Psychotherapie · doi:10.1007/s00278-022-00641-7 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Prävalenz Dorahy et al. (2014) geben eine Prävalenz von ca. 1% in Bezug auf die DIS in der Allgemeinbevölkerung an.”
BackgroundShinn, A. K., Wolff, J. D., Hwang, M., Lebois, L. A. M., Robinson, M. A., Winternitz, S. R., Öngür, D., Ressler, K. J., & Kaufman, M. L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.01011 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Studies that have systematically examined the etiology of DID have found antecedent severe, chronic childhood trauma in almost every individual with this diagnosis (37, 38).”
BackgroundComparing shame in clinical and nonclinical populations: Preliminary findings.
Dyer, K. F. W., Dorahy, M. J., Corry, M., Black, R., Matheson, L., Coles, H., Curran, D. B., Seager, L., & Middleton, W. (2016) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000158 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“…evidence has provided a different picture of this coping style and found that it is both a problematic coping strategy for DID and a risk factor for difficulties in both forming effective therapeutic relationships and overall relationship functioning (Black et al., 2013; Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationDissociative Depression is Resistant to Treatment-As-Usual
Şar, V. (2015) · Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.15406/jpcpy.2015.03.00128 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Chronic complex dissociative disorders such as dissociative identity disorder (DID) are increasingly considered to be posttraumatic syndromes closely related to childhood abuse and/or neglect [8].”
BackgroundSelf-citationWilgus, S. J., Packer, M., Lile-King, R., Miller-Perrin, C., & Brand, B. L. (2016) · Psychological Trauma · doi:10.1037/tra0000049 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationKrüger, C., & Fletcher, L. (2017) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1295420 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationYoung, D. A., Shumway, M., Flentje, A., & Riley, E. D. (2017) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000288 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Although recent research has evidenced links between dissociation and childhood sexual abuse (Dorahy et al., 2014), as well as elevated dissociation and violent victimization (Myrick et al., 2013), our study is the first to indicate that risk for violent victimization may be independently increased…”
BackgroundGesink, D., & Nattel, L. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007628 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“She has extensive experience researching sexual abuse and interviewing CSA survivors, including CSA survivors with dissociative identity disorder (DID)—a “complex and valid disorder that is not uncommon”(37) and is often associated with CSA.(37) 38 Our community partner was the point person for recruitment and intervi…”
BackgroundInfluentialDetecting clinical and simulated dissociative identity disorder with the Test of Memory Malingering.
Brand, B. L., Webermann, A. R., Snyder, B. L., & Kaliush, P. R. (2018) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000405 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationMarsh, R. J., Dorahy, M. J., Butler, C., Middleton, W., de Jong, P. J., Kemp, S. P. T., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245849 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) involves a person reporting the existence of at least two separate identities with distinct perceptions, cognitions, and interactions with the environment [1,2].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchlesselmann, A. J., Huntjens, R. J. C., Renard, S., McNally, R. J., Albers, C. J., Vries, V. E. D., & Pijnenborg, G. H. M. (2022) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbac122 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Marsh, R. J., Dorahy, M. J., Verschuère, B., Butler, C., Middleton, W., & Huntjens, R. J. C. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000377 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…abuse perpetrated by a caregiving figure, major attachment disruption, genetic determinants (e.g., hypnotizability), and socio-cognitive and cultural factors, are argued to facilitate its development (e.g., Dorahy et al., 2014; Lynn, Lilienfeld, Merckelbach, Giesbrecht, & Van der Kloet, 2012).”
BackgroundSelf-citationYouTube and TikTok as a source of medical information on dissociative identity disorder
Munoz, I. B., Liu-Zarzuela, J., Oorjitham, N., & Jacob, D. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2023.100707 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Trauma-related self-defining memories and future goals in Dissociative Identity Disorder
Huntjens, R. J. C., Wessel, I., Ostafin, B. D., Boelen, P. A., Behrens, F., & van Minnen, A. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.10.002 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…and consistent identity (e.g., Lewis, Yeager, Swica, Pincus, & Lewis, 1997; Ross & Ness, 2010; for an overview see; Dalenberg et al., 2014, 2012,; Dorahy et al., 2014; but for a critical perspective on the presumed link between dissociation and trauma see; Giesbrecht, Lynn, Lilienfeld, &…”
Sight and blindness in the same person: Gating in the visual system.
Strasburger, H., & Waldvogel, B. (2015) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.109 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Necessity of Clinical Training in Trauma and Dissociation
Brand, B. L. (2016) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000251 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Rather, dissociative symptoms tend to be embedded in a mixture of mood, anxiety, somatoform, and trauma-related symptoms [14-17].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFirebug! Dissociative Identity Disorder? Malingering? Or …? An Intensive Case Study of an Arsonist
Loewenstein, R. J. (2020) · Psychological Injury and Law · doi:10.1007/s12207-020-09377-8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“In cultures where possession is an accepted experience, for individuals with the pathological possession form of DID, the self states take the form of “possessing entities” that are not congruent with cultural norms (Dorahy et al., 2014; Loewenstein et al., 2017; Spiegel et al., 2011).”
BackgroundChildhood Trauma and Dissociative Disorders
Şar, V. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49414-8_16 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationTreatment of dissociative identity disorder: leveraging neurobiology to optimize success
Purcell, J. B., Brand, B., Browne, H. A., Chefetz, R. A., Shanahan, M., Bair, Z. A., Baranowski, K. A., Davis, V., Mangones, P., Modell, R. L., et al. (2024) · Expert review of neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2024.2316153 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationSchizophrenia and dissociation: Its relation with severity, self-esteem and awareness of illness
Justo-Alonso, A., Risso, A., Moskowitz, A. K., & González, A. (2018) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2018.02.029 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It is important to note that items describing obsessive-compulsive symptoms in the SLC-90 refer in part to difficulties of memory and concentration, which are one of the areas affected in the dissociative disorders (Dorahy et al., 2014) and some of the items have to do with intrusive thoughts, also characteristic of d…”
Conflicted control systems: the neural architecture of trauma
Carey, T. A., Mansell, W., Tai, S., & Turkington, D. (2014) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(14)70306-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Boysen, G. A. (2024) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001764 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Parry, S., Lloyd, M., & Simpson, J. (2017) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.08.002 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Vang, M. L., Shevlin, M. E., Karatzias, T., Fyvie, C., & Hyland, P. (2018) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.02.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Childhood abuse is one of the most robust predictors of pathological dissociation in clinical and community samples alike (Chu & Dill, 1990; Kessler & Bieschke, 1999), although the prevalence in clinical samples seems to be higher (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundO’Mahony, B. M., Milne, B., & Smith, K. (2018) · Journal of Forensic Practice · doi:10.1108/jfp-05-2017-0018 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The concept of DID appears to be controversial (Dorahy et al., 2014) and a number of myths about the disorder remain (Brand et al.”
BackgroundCausal connection between dissociation and ongoing interpersonal violence: A systematic review
Tschoeke, S., Steinert, T., & Bichescu-Burian, D. M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.09.030 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fighting the Whole System: Dissociative Identity Disorder, Labeling Theory, and Iatrogenic Doubting
Floris, J., & McPherson, S. (2015) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.990075 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The data from the present study appear to indicate that the diagnosis of DID, contested as it was by some professionals encountered by the participants, was not accepted straightforwardly by the participants either, in spite of the efforts that may have been involved in obtaining it.”
BackgroundInfluentialChildhood Trauma in Psychotic and Dissociative Disorders
Scott, J. G., Ross, C. A., Dorahy, M. J., Read, J., & Schäfer, I. (2018) · doi:10.1002/9781118585948.ch9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationDaniels, J. K., Timmerman, M. E., Spitzer, C., & Lampe, A. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2348345 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…reported by previous studies, the occurrence of severe symptoms of identity alteration was associated with extreme childhood mal-treatment and very high levels of multiplicity, that is the co-occurrence of more than one form of abuse and neglect (Dorahy et al., 2014; Webermann et al., 2014).”
Background(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x08_dissociative_disorders · Cited by 12 · see citing works
When to Suspect and How to Diagnose Dissociative Identity Disorder
Ross, C. A. (2015) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.9.2.114 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Treatment of dissociative symptoms with opioid antagonists: a systematic review
Escamilla, I., Juan, N., Peñalva, C., Sánchez-Llorens, M., Renau, J., Benito, A., & Haro, G. (2023) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2023.2265184 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“It is normal for culture to in fl uence how ‘ individuals display and communicate their symptoms, how such symptoms are interpreted, and what type of care is sought ’ (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundD’Angelo, M., Valenza, M., Iazzolino, A. M., Longobardi, G., Stefano, V. D., Lanzara, E., Visalli, G., Steardo, L., Scuderi, C., & Steardo, L. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60030408 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…correlate positively with increased levels of dissociation, which serves as a mediating factor between trauma exposure and psychiatric symptoms [66]. cPTSD often leads to dissociation, a mental mechanism that can be employed adaptively or maladaptively in response to distressing life…”
BackgroundDissociative identity disorder (DID) in clinical practice – what you don’t see may hurt you
Leonard, D., & Tiller, J. W. G. (2015) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/1039856215604481 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Australasian Psychiatry 2016, Vol 24(1) 39 –41 © The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists 2015 Reprints and permissions: sagepub.”
BackgroundMarais, L., Bezuidenhout, M., & Krüger, C. (2022) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2022.2119630 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…multicultural beliefs; sociocultural differences Although our understanding of dissociative identity disorder (DID) has improved (Brand et al., 2016; Dorahy et al., 2014; Şar et al., 2017), the role of conflict in the development and manifestation of DID is largely unexplored in empirical studies.”
BackgroundSelf-citationExperiences of therapeutic relationships on hospital wards, dissociation, and making connections
Parry, S., Lloyd, M., & Simpson, J. (2016) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2016.1241852 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Although grounding techniques have been found helpful in DID research (Brand, Loewenstein, & Spiegel, 2014; Dorahy et al., 2014; ISSTD, 2011), Claire and Ashleigh, who did not report having a DID diagnosis, also recommended individualized grounding techniques.”
MethodSachs, A. (2017) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2017.1295400 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Art-Making and its Interface With Dissociative Identity Disorder: No Words That Didn’t fit
Sagan, O. (2018) · Journal of Creativity in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15401383.2018.1499062 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“…& Hollon, 2010), some researchers maintain that the condition is amenable to psychotherapeutic intervention (Brand, Loewenstein, & Spiegel, 2014; Dorahy et al., 2014) not least because of a strong relationship between dissociative disorders and childhood abuse (Kisiel & Lyons, 2001) which…”
BackgroundAssessing and Treating Offenders with Mental Illness
Nicholls, T. L., Butler, A., Kendrick‐Koch, L., Brink, J., Jones, R. M., & Simpson, A. I. F. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00452-1_2 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Holbæk, I., Vrabel, K. R., & Halvorsen, M. S. (2024) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2024.100390 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Burdzik, E., & Burdzik, M. (2023) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/146969 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Mushtaq, R., Shoib, S., Arif, T., Shah, T., & Mushtaq, S. (2014) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2014/346939 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The highest prevalence of DID (6–14%) was seen in emergency psychiatric departments [5].”
BackgroundHierarchical consciousness: the Nested Observer Windows model
Riddle, J., & Schooler, J. W. (2024) · Neuroscience of Consciousness · doi:10.1093/nc/niae010 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In the presence of extreme trauma, such as shame and attachment in early childhood abuse, DID can arise in which distinct “alters” coexist within a single individual (Dorahy et al. 2014).”
BackgroundKratzer, L., Tschöke, S., Schröder, J., Shevlin, M. E., Hyland, P., Eckenberger, C., Heinz, P., & Karatzias, T. (2024) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000539740 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“While detachment dissociation seems to be a common phenomenon across many psychological disorders [6], compartmentalization dissociation seems to be indicative of severe dissociative disorders [5, 7].”
Tipping Points and the Accommodation of the Abuser: Ongoing Incestuous Abuse during Adulthood
Middleton, W. (2015) · International Journal for Crime Justice and Social Democracy · doi:10.5204/ijcjsd.v4i2.210 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…some vocal critics took extreme positions regarding the phenomena of recovered memories of trauma and the validity of dissociative disorders (see Dorahy et al. 2014) and they exploited any opportunity where trauma researchers made claims or speculations that went beyond the verifiable data.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDissociative identity disorder: a developmental perspective
Wilkinson, S., & DeJong, M. (2020) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2020.35 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Dissociative Identity Disorder: Diagnostic Accuracy and DSM-5 Criteria Change Implications
Nester, M. S., Schielke, H. J., Brand, B. L., & Loewenstein, R. J. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2021.1989123 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“In the Treatment of Patients with Dissociative Disorders (TOP DD) studies, Brand and colleagues (Brand, Schielke et al., 2019; Bride et al., 2009) found that a DD/DID diagnosis and DD/DID-specific treatment resulted in significant decreases in dissociative and co-occurring symptoms from baseline, including self-injury…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationRaison, A., & Soubelet, A. (2022) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2022.100310 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Pierorazio, N. A., Robertson, J. L., Snyder, B. L., Brand, B. L., & Schielke, H. J. (2024) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008066.2024.2323421 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“While some dispute that CDDs are caused by trauma, consistent empirical research supports the trauma model of dissociation (reviewed in Brand, 2023a; Dalenberg et al., 2012; and Dorahy et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationLived Experiences of Men With Dissociative Identity Disorder
Zeligman, M. R., Greene, J., Hundley, G., Graham, J. M., Spann, S. J., Bickley, E., & Bloom, Z. D. (2017) · Adultspan Journal · doi:10.1002/adsp.12036 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the disorder continues to be controversial within the mental health community (Dorahy et al., 2014), with many people doubting its existence or believing it to be iatrogenic (Floris & McPherson, 2015).”
Epidemiology of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Hawayek, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39854-4_7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Maxwell, R., Merckelbach, H. L. G. J., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Lynn, S. J. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119462996.ch13 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Bailey, T. D., Boyer, S. M., & Brand, B. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-9127-3_16 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAnxiety sensitivity predicts depression severity in individuals with dissociative identity disorder
Pan, X., Palermo, C. A., Kaplan, C. S., Harnett, N. G., Winternitz, S., Kaufman, M. L., & Lebois, L. A. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.09.003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Dialogues Between Philosophy and Psychiatry: The Case of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Güell, F., Arrondo, G., de Castro‐Manglano, P., Bernácer, J., & Murillo, J. I. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-53126-7_9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dissociative identity disorder needs re-examination
Tyrer, P. J. (2019) · BJPsych Advances · doi:10.1192/bja.2019.39 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“There is a great deal of literature on DID, much of it poor, speculative and dominated by a few noisy product champions, and the recent review by Dorahy et al (2014) describing it as ‘a complex, valid and not uncommon disorder, associated with developmental and cultural variables, that is amenable…”
BackgroundLebois, L. A. M., Palermo, C. A., Scheuer, L., Lebois, E. P., Winternitz, S., Germine, L. T., & Kaufman, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.02.007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Diagnostic challenges leading to underdiagnosis of dissociative disorders
Aadil, M., & Shoaib, M. (2017) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s131439 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“3,4 The complexity and variety of dissociative manifestations, as indicated in the DSM-5 definition, are related to the variety of functions impaired by trauma.”
Milkins, D. B., Ohan, J. L., Boutrus, M., Pace, G., & Milroy, H. (2025) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2025.100591 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Dissociative Disorders in India: Cultural Influence on Psychopathology and Treatment
Jayan, P., Kashyap, H., & Thippeswamy, H. (2024) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176231220554 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“8 Religion, closely interconnected to culture, has also been linked to trance-like states.”
Dissociation and the Dissociative Disorders ☆
Cardeña, E. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.06401-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Merker, J. B., Hill, S. B., Wolff, J. D., Winternitz, S., Ressler, K. J., Kaufman, M. L., & Lebois, L. A. M. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.053 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“DID is a posttraumatic syndrome associated with significant experiences of distorted body perceptions, including depersonalization (Putnam, 1989; Dorahy et al. 2014) and altered body image/perceptions (Dell, 2006b).”
BackgroundSmith, G. P., & Hartelius, G. (2020) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2019.1654292 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“from other disorders (Steinberg, 1995) and other dissociative phenomena (Dorahy et al., 2014; Putnam et al., 1996) – are not typically present with a DES.”
BackgroundInfluentialCarraturo, F., Santonicola, R., & Cella, S. (2025) · Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026251365927 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…is correct, measures of the individualistic or collectivistic orientation of a certain human group can be expected to be relevant to the cross-cultural study of pathological dissociation because personhood and identity are central elements in its patho-phenomenology (Dorahy et al., 2014).”
Gender and Racial Variability of Dissociative Identity Disorder Symptoms in an International Sample
Joshi, S., Grinspoon, E. A., Cabanban, R., Pan, X., Germine, L. T., Harnett, N. G., & Lebois, L. A. M. (2026) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2026.2613392 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Namely, DID is a cross-cultural phenomenon, and has been empirically observed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, India, Iran, Ireland, Japan, Oman, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Scandinavia, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States (Dorahy et al., 2014; Rhoades & Şar, 2005).”
InfluentialFaria, M. D. A., Prado, E. B. D. A., de Souza, W. C., Martins, V. F., & Ferreira, V. M. M. (2019) · Psicologia Teoria e Pesquisa · doi:10.1590/0102.3772e3521 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Strouza, A. I., Vissia, E. M., Schlumpf, Y. R., Marmol, E. D., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., Draijer, N., Veltman, D. J., & Reinders, A. A. T. S. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116407 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Moreover, epidemiological studies have emphasised the prevalence of DID in numerous countries and distinct cultural settings, such as in North America and Canada, in The Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany, as well as in Turkey and China (Dorahy et al., 2014; Ross et al., 2008).”
Gerge, A., Rudstam, G., & Söndergaard, H. P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1454483 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How-To Study Dissociative Symptoms in a Broad Range of Mental Disorders: A Methodological Primer
Danböck, S. K., Mertens, Y. L., Kulla, P., Seitz, K. I., & Schalinski, I. (2025) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2025.2481474 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“A great line of research is dedicated to a better understanding of those debilitating disorders (for reviews see Blihar et al., 2020; Dorahy et al., 2014; Kate et al., 2020; Salami et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2023).”
Die Dissoziative Identitätsstörung
Gysi, J., Nick, S., & Gast, U. (2025) · Trauma und Gewalt · doi:10.21706/tg-19-3-188 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dissoziative Amnesie und Migration
Staniloiu, A., Kordon, A., & Markowitsch, H. J. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000198 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Leeds, A. M. (2023) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/emdr-2023-0006 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dalpont, N. I., & Spence, N. C. F. M. (2023) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv6n3-243 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Krüger, C., & Fletcher, L. (2024) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2024.2326515 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Dorahy, M. J., Brand, B. L., Şar, V., Krüger, C., Stavropoulos, P., Martínez-Taboas, A., Lewis-Fernández, R., & Middleton, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Canterbury (NZ)
- Towson University (US)
- Istanbul University (TR)
- University of Pretoria (ZA)
- Adults Surviving Child Abuse, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Psychology, Carlos Albizu University, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, USA
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Venue
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 48
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 402-417
- ISSN
- 0004-8674 (ISSN-L)
- 1440-1614
- OpenAlex
- W2118227624
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 186
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- dissociative identity disorder, dissociative disorders, diagnostic validity, childhood trauma, amnesia, neurobiology, cognitive correlates, metacognition, psychotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Dissociative Identity Disorder, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Reproducibility of Results, Neuroimaging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
