A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Internalized Racial Oppression and Health-Related Outcomes

Gale, Michael M.; Pieterse, Alex L.; Lee, Debbiesiu L.; Huynh, Kiet; Powell, Shantel; Kirkinis, Katherine

doi:10.1177/0011000020904454

Cited by 94Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchCounseling Practices and SupervisionGender, Health, and Social Inequality

A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Internalized Racial Oppression and Health-Related Outcomes

Gale, Michael M., Pieterse, Alex L., Lee, Debbiesiu L., Huynh, Kiet, Powell, Shantel, Kirkinis, Katherine·2020·The Counseling Psychologist

DOI 10.1177/0011000020904454

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Abstract

Internalized racism represents a critical component of the system of racial oppression wherein People of Color adopt the negative beliefs about their race held by members of the White majority group. In this meta-analysis, the authors reviewed 29 studies (32 effect sizes) on the relationships between internalized racism and negative physical and mental health outcomes published between 1999 and 2015 and tested for literature-driven moderator effects using subgroup analyses. Results suggested that the direct overall relation between internalized racism and health was strongest for negative mental health outcomes ( r = .26), followed by negative physical health outcomes ( r = .11). Significant moderator effects were found for scale of measurement, country of sample (United States vs. international), and sampling method. Moderator effects of gender, publication type, year, and sample setting were not statistically significant. These findings are discussed and their implications for practice, advocacy, education/training, and research are described.

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Internalized racism is evidenced to contribute to poor physical and psychological distress for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.
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From Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem (2024) · cites this paper as [21]

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Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem
Sanders, S., Williams, T., Berry, A., Garcia-Aguilera, C., Robinson, K., Martin, R., & Jones, P. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Authors: Gale, M. M., Pieterse, A. L., Lee, D. L., Huynh, K., Powell, S., & Kirkinis, K.
Affiliations: University of Hartford (US)
University at Albany, State University of New York (US)
University of Miami (US)
Corresponding author: Gale, Michael M.
ORCID: Gale, Michael M.
Pieterse, Alex L.
Lee, Debbiesiu L.
Huynh, Kiet
Venue: The Counseling Psychologist
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2020-03-09
Volume: 48
Issue: 4
Pages: 498-525
ISSN: 0011-0000 (ISSN-L)
1552-3861
DOI: 10.1177/0011000020904454
OpenAlex: W3010473092
Cited by: 94
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 3
FWCI: 1.89
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Counseling Psychologist (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Counseling Practices and Supervision
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Keywords: internalized racism, racial oppression, health outcomes, mental health, physical health, people of color, racial identity, moderator effects, measurement scales, sampling methods

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A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Internalized Racial Oppression and Health-Related Outcomes

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