Development and evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS)

Choi, Andrew Young; Israel, Tania; Maeda, Hotaka

doi:10.1037/cou0000183

Cited by 70Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchPsychometric Methodologies and TestingSocial and Intergroup Psychology

Development and evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS)

Choi, Andrew Young, Israel, Tania, Maeda, Hotaka·2017·Journal of Counseling Psychology

DOI 10.1037/cou0000183

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

This article presents the development and psychometric evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS), which was designed to measure the degree to which Asian Americans internalized hostile attitudes and negative messages targeted toward their racial identity. Items were developed on basis of prior literature, vetted through expert feedback and cognitive interviews, and administered to 655 Asian American participants through Amazon Mechanical Turk. Exploratory factor analysis with a random subsample (n = 324) yielded a psychometrically robust preliminary measurement model consisting of 3 factors: Self-Negativity, Weakness Stereotypes, and Appearance Bias. Confirmatory factor analysis with a separate subsample (n = 331) indicated that the proposed correlated factors model was strongly consistent with the observed data. Factor determinacies were high and demonstrated that the specified items adequately measured their intended factors. Bifactor modeling further indicated that this multidimensionality could be univocally represented for the purpose of measurement, including the use of a mean total score representing a single continuum of internalized racism on which individuals vary. The IRAAS statistically predicted depressive symptoms, and demonstrated statistically significant correlations in theoretically expected directions with four dimensions of collective self-esteem. These results provide initial validity evidence supporting the use of the IRAAS to measure aspects of internalized racism in this population. Limitations and research implications are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1037/cou0000183

Cites

83 of 83 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Internalized racism among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders can be viewed as an adaptive mechanism in that assimilation into Eurocentric culture or occupying White spaces may help them feel less devalued and more capable of being successful in the United States.
“Internalized racism among AAPIs can be viewed as an adaptive mechanism in that assimilation into Eurocentric culture or occupying White spaces may help them feel less devalued and more capable of being successful in the United States of America [24,26].”
From Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
Internalized racism is evidenced to contribute to poor physical and psychological distress for Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders.
“Internalized racism is evidenced to contribute to poor physical [21] and psychological distress [28] for AAPIs, for example, psychological distress and social isolation [26] as well as depression and anxiety [1,29,30].”
From Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem (2024) · cites this paper as [26]
Low self-esteem is associated with social- or race-specific stereotypical misrepresentations of Asian Americans.
“Additionally, low self-esteem is associated with social- or race-specific stereotypical misrepresentations of Asian Americans [26,31].”
From Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem (2024) · cites this paper as [26]

Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1999) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705519909540118 · Cited by 108,788 · see citing works
Comparative fit indexes in structural models.
Bentler, P. M. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 · Cited by 25,266 · see citing works
Amazon's Mechanical Turk: A New Source of Inexpensive, Yet High-Quality, Data?
Buhrmester, M., Kwang, T., & Gosling, S. D. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393980 · Cited by 9,996 · see citing works
Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research.
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.4.3.272 · Cited by 9,587 · see citing works
The Wretched of the Earth
Fanon, F. (2000) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-137-05194-3_4 · Cited by 7,509 · see citing works
Untitled work
(2010) · Cited by 7,034 · see citing works
Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development.
Clark, L. A., & Watson, D. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.309 · Cited by 6,567 · see citing works
Screening for Depression in Well Older Adults: Evaluation of a Short Form of the CES-D
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30622-6 · Cited by 5,403 · see citing works
Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale).
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 4,426 · see citing works
Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices
Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006288127 · Cited by 4,087 · see citing works
Relationship of subjective and objective social status with psychological and physiological functioning: Preliminary data in healthy, White women.
Adler, N. E., Epel, E. S., Castellazzo, G., & Ickovics, J. R. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.6.586 · Cited by 3,979 · see citing works
Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments.
Floyd, F. J., & Widaman, K. F. (1995) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.7.3.286 · Cited by 3,970 · see citing works
Sample Size Requirements for Structural Equation Models: An Evaluation of Power, Bias, and Solution Propriety
Wolf, E. J., Harrington, K. M., Clark, S. L., & Miller, M. W. (2013) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164413495237 · Cited by 3,931 · see citing works
Instructional manipulation checks: Detecting satisficing to increase statistical power
Oppenheimer, D. M., Meyvis, T., & Davidenko, N. (2009) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.03.009 · Cited by 3,493 · see citing works
Factor Retention Decisions in Exploratory Factor Analysis: a Tutorial on Parallel Analysis
Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428104263675 · Cited by 3,104 · see citing works
A Collective Self-Esteem Scale: Self-Evaluation of One’s Social Identity
Luhtanen, R., & Crocker, J. (1992) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167292183006 · Cited by 3,057 · see citing works
Racism as a stressor for African Americans: A biopsychosocial model.
Clark, R., Anderson, N. B., Clark, V. R., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.54.10.805 · Cited by 2,837 · see citing works
When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions.
Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. É., & Savalei, V. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0029315 · Cited by 2,816 · see citing works
Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics
Iacobucci, D. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2009.09.003 · Cited by 2,263 · cited 1× · see citing works
“ML can be used with ordinal data (categories 5) and has demonstrated robust- ness to moderate nonnormality (Enders, 2001; Finney & DiStefano, 2006; Iacobucci, 2010; Rhemtulla, Brosseau-Liard, & Savalei, 2012).”
Method
The Rediscovery of Bifactor Measurement Models
Reise, S. P. (2012) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.715555 · Cited by 2,112 · see citing works
Nonnormaland Categorical Data in Structural Equation Modeling
Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-246-320251015 · Cited by 1,870 · see citing works
Separate but equal? A comparison of participants and data gathered via Amazon’s MTurk, social media, and face-to-face behavioral testing
Casler, K., Bickel, L., & Hackett, E. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.009 · Cited by 1,662 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, attention checks), is an effective approach to administering both computer-based and some behavioral research tasks (Casler et al., 2013).”
Background
Research synthesis: the practice of cognitive interviewing
Beatty, P. C., & Willis, G. B. (2007) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfm006 · Cited by 1,615 · see citing works
A multidimensional conceptualization of racism-related stress: Implications for the well-being of people of color.
Harrell, S. P. (2000) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0087722 · Cited by 1,589 · see citing works
Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury: Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress
Carter, R. T. (2007) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006292033 · Cited by 1,316 · see citing works
Practical Considerations for Using Exploratory Factor Analysis in Educational Research
Beavers, A. S., Lounsbury, J. W., Richards, J., Huck, S. W., Skolits, G., & Esquivel, S. L. (2020) · doi:10.7275/qv2q-rk76 · Cited by 1,232 · see citing works
Bifactor Models and Rotations: Exploring the Extent to Which Multidimensional Data Yield Univocal Scale Scores
Reise, S. P., Moore, T. M., & Haviland, M. G. (2010) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2010.496477 · Cited by 1,191 · see citing works
Scoring and Modeling Psychological Measures in the Presence of Multidimensionality
Reise, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., & Haviland, M. G. (2013) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.725437 · Cited by 1,069 · see citing works
Current Methodological Considerations in Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Schmitt, T. A. (2011) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282911406653 · Cited by 995 · see citing works
Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
The impact of nonnormality on full information maximum-likelihood estimation for structural equation models with missing data.
Enders, C. K. (2001) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.6.4.352 · Cited by 942 · see citing works
“Who are these people?” Evaluating the demographic characteristics and political preferences of MTurk survey respondents
Huff, C., & Tingley, D. (2015) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168015604648 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Generic Processes in the Reproduction of Inequality: An Interactionist Analysis
Schwalbe, M. L., Holden, D., Schrock, D., Godwin, S., Thompson, S., & Wolkomir, M. (2000) · Social Forces · doi:10.2307/2675505 · Cited by 829 · see citing works
Cognitive interviewing: verbal data in the design and pretesting of questionnaires
Drennan, J. (2003) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2648.2003.02579.x · Cited by 769 · see citing works
Asian American panethnicity: bridging institutions and identities
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-3534 · Cited by 748 · see citing works
Frantz Fanon and the Psychology of Oppression
Bulhan, H. A. (1985) · PATH in psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-2269-4 · Cited by 738 · see citing works
An Improvement on Horn's Parallel Analysis Methodology for Selecting the Correct Number of Factors to Retain
Glorfeld, L. W. (1995) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164495055003002 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
Collective self-esteem and psychological well-being among White, Black, and Asian college students
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R., Blaine, B., & Broadnax, S. (1994) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167294205007 · Cited by 718 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the CES-D-10 in a Psychiatric Sample
Björgvinsson, T., Kertz, S. J., Bigda-Peyton, J. S., McCoy, K. L., & Aderka, I. M. (2013) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191113481998 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Computing and evaluating factor scores.
Grice, J. W. (2001) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.6.4.430 · Cited by 653 · see citing works
The Use and Effects of Incentives in Surveys
Singer, E., & Ye, C. (2012) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716212458082 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Seriousness checks are useful to improve data validity in online research
Aust, F., Diedenhofen, B., Ullrich, S., & Musch, J. (2012) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-012-0265-2 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
A Nationwide Study of Discrimination and Chronic Health Conditions Among Asian Americans
Gee, G. C., Spencer, M. S., Chen, J., & Takeuchi, D. T. (2007) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.091827 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Racial Discrimination and Health Among Asian Americans: Evidence, Assessment, and Directions for Future Research
Gee, G. C., Ro, A. E., Shariff‐Marco, S., & Chae, D. H. (2009) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxp009 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
What is Internalized Racial Oppression and Why Don’t We Study It? Acknowledging Racism’s Hidden Injuries
Pyke, K. D. (2010) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1525/sop.2010.53.4.551 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Race, racism and health: disparities, mechanisms, and interventions
Brondolo, E. N., Gallo, L. C., & Myers, H. F. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-008-9190-3 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Asian American Women And Racialized Femininities
Pyke, K. D., & Johnson, D. L. (2003) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243202238977 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Choosing the Optimal Number of Factors in Exploratory Factor Analysis: A Model Selection Perspective
Preacher, K. J., Zhang, G., Kim, C., & Mels, G. (2013) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.710386 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“FOB” and “Whitewashed”: Identity and Internalized Racism Among Second Generation Asian Americans
Pyke, K. D., & Dang, T. (2003) · Qualitative Sociology · doi:10.1023/a:1022957011866 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Factor Analysis
Bandalos, D. L., & Finney, S. J. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315755649-8 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
The importance of assessing clinical phenomena in Mechanical Turk research.
Hall, K. A. A., Çek, D., Shaw, A. M., & Timpano, K. R. (2015) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000217 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
The limitations of model fit in comparing the bi-factor versus higher-order models of human cognitive ability structure
Murray, A. L., & Johnson, W. (2013) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2013.06.004 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Incentives in Web Studies: Methodological Issues and a Review
Göritz, A. S. (2006) · OPUS (Augsburg University) · Cited by 301 · see citing works
They Don't Want To Cruise Your Type: Gay Men of Color and the Racial Politics of Exclusion
Han, C. (2007) · Social Identities · doi:10.1080/13504630601163379 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
A preliminary report on a new measure: Internalization of the Model Minority Myth Measure (IM-4) and its psychological correlates among Asian American college students.
Yoo, H. C., Burrola, K. S., & Steger, M. F. (2010) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017871 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Colonial mentality: A review and recommendation for Filipino American psychology
David, E. J. R., & Okazaki, S. (2006) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.1.1 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Internalized Racism
Speight, S. L. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006295119 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
The Asian American Values Scale--Multidimensional: Development, reliability, and validity.
Kim, B. K., Li, L. C., & Ng, G. F. (2005) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.11.3.187 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Toward psychologies of liberation
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-5911 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Unfair Treatment, Racial/Ethnic Discrimination, Ethnic Identification, and Smoking Among Asian Americans in the National Latino and Asian American Study
Chae, D. H., Takeuchi, D. T., Barbeau, E. M., Bennett, G. G., Lindsey, J. C., & Krieger, N. (2008) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2006.102012 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Ethnicity-Related Sources of Stress and Their Effects on Well-Being
Contrada, R. J., Ashmore, R. D., Gary, M. L., Coups, E. J., Egeth, J. D., Sewell, A., Ewell, K., Goyal, T. M., & Chasse, V. (2000) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.00078 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
The Story of Subject Naught: A Cautionary but Optimistic Tale of Internet Survey Research
Konstan, J. A., Rosser, B. R. S., Ross, M. W., Stanton, J. M., & Edwards, W. M. (2006) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2005.tb00248.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Does ethnic identity buffer or exacerbate the effects of frequent racial discrimination on situational well-being of Asian Americans?
Yoo, H. C., & Lee, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.55.1.63 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
The Colonial Mentality Scale (CMS) for Filipino Americans: Scale Construction and Psychological Implications
David, E. J., & Okazaki, S. (2006) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0167.53.2.241 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
State Indicator Report on Fruits and Vegetables, 2013, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
McGuire, S. (2013) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.113.004598 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Construct Validation in Counseling Psychology Research
Hoyt, W. T., Warbasse, R. E., & Chu, E. Y. (2006) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000006287389 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Racial identity and reflected appraisals as influences on Asian Americans' racial adjustment.
Alvarez, A. N., & Helms, J. E. (2001) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.7.3.217 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Cognitive Interviews to Test and Refine Questionnaires
García, A. A. (2011) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1446.2010.00938.x · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Internalized Racial Oppression Scale for Black individuals
Bailey, T.-K. M., Chung, Y. B., Williams, W. S., Singh, A. A., & Terrell, H. K. (2011) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023585 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
The impact of perceived racial discrimination on the mental health of Asian American and Latino college students.
Hwang, W., & Goto, S. G. (2009) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/1948-1985.s.1.15 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Asian American dating: Important factors in partner choice.
Mok, T. A. (1999) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.5.2.103 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Shades of Brown: The Law of Skin ColorPreprint
Jones, T. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.233850 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Exploring Asian American racial identity.
Chen, G. A., LePhuoc, P., Guzmán, M. R., et al. (2006) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/1099-9809.12.3.461 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
An Intersectional Approach to Resistance and Complicity: The Case of Racialised Desire among Asian American Women
Pyke, K. D. (2010) · Journal of Intercultural Studies · doi:10.1080/07256860903477704 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Development and initial validation of the Internalization of Asian American Stereotypes Scale
Shen, F. C., Wang, Y.-W., & Swanson, J. L. (2011) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024727 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Problems with single interest scales: Implications of the general factor
Tracey, T. J. G. (2012) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2012.10.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Asian Americans and Racial Identity: Dealing with Racism and Snowballs.
Alvarez, A. N., & Kimura, E. F. (2001) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Discrimination Among Oppressed Populations
Hall, R. E. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Using racial identity and acculturation to analyze experiences of racism among Asian Americans.
Concepcion, W. R., Kohatsu, E. L., & Yeh, C. J. (2012) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027985 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Dealing with gendered racism and racial identity among Asian American men.
Liang, C. T. H., Rivera, A. L. Y., Nathwani, A., et al. (2011) · doi:10.4324/9780203879870-10 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Asian Americans and Internalized Oppression Do We Deserve This?
Millan, J. B., & Alvarez, A. N. (2013) · Springer Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1891/9780826199263.0007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Myth of the Model Minority: Asian Americans Facing Racism, 2nd ed by Rosalind S. Chou and Joe R. Feagin (review)
Lee, J. (2016) · Social Forces · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Asian American racial and ethnic identity: Update on theory and measurement.
Chae, M. H., & Larres, C. (2010) · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Internalized Racism: A Systematic Review of the Psychological Literature on Racism’s Most Insidious Consequence
David, E. J. R., Schroeder, T. M., & Fernandez, J. (2019) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12350 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Internalized Racial Oppression and Health-Related Outcomes
Gale, M. M., Pieterse, A. L., Lee, D. L., Huynh, K., Powell, S., & Kirkinis, K. (2020) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/0011000020904454 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Internalized Racism and Mental Health: The Moderating Role of Collective Racial Self-Esteem
Sanders, S., Williams, T., Berry, A., Garcia-Aguilera, C., Robinson, K., Martin, R., & Jones, P. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14111003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Development of Mental Health Scale
Yao-xian, G. (2004) · Zhongguo linchuang xinlixue zazhi · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development and validation of a latent, multidimensional, self‐report periodontal disease measure
Wright, C. D., Heaton, B., & McNeil, D. W. (2021) · Journal of Periodontology · doi:10.1002/jper.20-0066 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of a Second-Language (L2) Motivation Instrument in South Korea
Shin, W., Tong, F., Chien, H.-Y., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131810333 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychometric testing of the self‐care of heart failure index version 6.2
Vellone, E., Riegel, B. J., Cocchieri, A., Barbaranelli, C., D’Agostino, F., Antonetti, G., Glaser, D. N., & Alvaro, R. (2013) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.21554 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Development of the Perspectives on Caring for Older Patients scale: Psychometric analyses
Burbank, P. M., Burkholder, G. J., & Dugas, J. (2018) · Applied Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.apnr.2018.07.002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Authors: Choi, A. Y., Israel, T., & Maeda, H.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
ORCID: Choi, Andrew Young
Israel, Tania
Maeda, Hotaka
Venue: Journal of Counseling Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2017-01
Volume: 64
Issue: 1
Pages: 52-64
ISSN: 0022-0167 (ISSN-L)
1939-2168
DOI: 10.1037/cou0000183
OpenAlex: W2570212611
Cited by: 70
References: 83
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 8.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2019-07-08)
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Counseling Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ray E. Hosford Foundation
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Keywords: internalized racism, Asian Americans, scale development, psychometric validation, self-negativity, appearance bias, depressive symptoms, collective self-esteem, racial identity
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Asian, Depression, Female, Gender Identity, Hostility, Humans, Internal-External Control, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Stereotyping, Young Adult, Racism

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Development and evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS)

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks